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Team sport played on ice using sticks, skates, and a puck

This article is about the contact team sport played on 💸 ice.

For the overall family of sports involving sticks and goals, see Hockey .

For the sport played on fields and using 💸 a hockeyball, see Field hockey

Ice hockey (or simply hockey) is a team sport played on ice skates, usually on an 💸 ice skating rink with lines and markings specific to the sport.

It belongs to a family of sports called hockey.

In ice 💸 hockey, two opposing teams use ice hockey sticks to control, advance, and shoot a closed, vulcanized, rubber disc called a 💸 "puck" into the other team's goal.

Each goal is worth one point.

The team which scores the most goals is declared the 💸 winner.

In a formal game, each team has six skaters on the ice at a time, barring any penalties, one of 💸 whom is the goaltender.

Ice hockey is a full contact sport, and is considered to be one of the more physically 💸 demanding team sports.[1][2]

Ice hockey is one of the sports featured in the Winter Olympics while its premiere international competition, the 💸 IIHF World Championships, are governed by the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) for both men's and women's competitions.

In North America 💸 and parts of Europe the sport is known simply as hockey[citation needed].

However, in other countries, "hockey" usually refers to field 💸 hockey.

In 1994 hockey was officially recognized as Canada's national winter sport.[3]

The modern sport of ice hockey was developed in Canada, 💸 most notably in Montreal, where the first indoor game was played on March 3, 1875.

Some characteristics of that game, such 💸 as the length of the ice rink and the use of a puck, have been retained to this day.

Amateur ice 💸 hockey leagues began in the 1880s, and professional ice hockey originated around 1900.

The Stanley Cup, emblematic of ice hockey club 💸 supremacy, was initially commissioned in 1892 as the "Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup" and was first awarded in 1893 to recognize 💸 the Canadian amateur champion and later became the championship trophy of the National Hockey League (NHL).

In the early 1900s, the 💸 Canadian rules were adopted by the Ligue Internationale de Hockey Sur Glace, in Paris, France, the precursor of the IIHF.

The 💸 sport was played for the first time at the Olympics during the 1920 Summer Olympics.

While women also played during the 💸 game's early formative years, it was not until organizers began to officially remove body checking from female ice hockey beginning 💸 in the mid-1980s that it began to gain greater popularity, which by then had spread to Europe and a variety 💸 of other countries.

The first IIHF Women's World Championship was held in 1990, and women's play was introduced into the Olympics 💸 in 1998.

History [ edit ]

Ice hockey is believed to have evolved from simple stick and ball games played in the 💸 18th and 19th centuries in Britain, Ireland, and elsewhere, primarily bandy, hurling, and shinty.

The North American sport of lacrosse was 💸 also influential.

These games were brought to North America and several similar winter games using informal rules developed, such as shinny 💸 and ice polo, but would later be absorbed into a new organized game with codified rules which today is ice 💸 hockey.

The origin of ice hockey was bandy, a game that has its roots in the Middle Ages.

Just as for practically 💸 all other sports, the game of bandy achieved its modern form during the 19th century in England, more exactly in 💸 the Fen district on the East coast.

From the Fen district the game was spread to London and from London to 💸 the Continent during the second half of the 19th century.

British soldiers stationed in eastern Canada brought the game to the 💸 North American continent in the 1850s and '60s.

You could find similar games there, played by immigrants (chiefly Dutch) and by 💸 Indians.

Thus there were a number of different games played on skates with a stick and ball and with varying rules 💸 in America before ice hockey was invented.

[4] Kenth Hansen, International Society of Olympic Historians, "The Birth of Swedish Ice Hockey 💸 – Antwerp 1920", Journal of Olympic History (JOH, formerly Citius, Altius, Fortius)Name [ edit ]

In England, field hockey has historically 💸 been called simply hockey and was what was referenced by first appearances in print.

The first known mention spelled as hockey 💸 occurred in the 1772 book Juvenile Sports and Pastimes, to Which Are Prefixed, Memoirs of the Author: Including a New 💸 Mode of Infant Education, by Richard Johnson (Pseud.

Master Michel Angelo), whose chapter XI was titled "New Improvements on the Game 💸 of Hockey".

[5] The 1527 Statute of Galway banned a sport called "'hokie'-the hurling of a little ball with sticks or 💸 staves".

A form of this word was thus being used in the 16th century, though much removed from its current usage.

The 💸 belief that hockey was mentioned in a 1363 proclamation by King Edward III of England[6] is based on modern translations 💸 of the proclamation, which was originally in Latin and explicitly forbade the games Pilam Manualem, Pedivam, & Bacularem: & ad 💸 Canibucam & Gallorum Pugnam.[7][8]

According to the Austin Hockey Association, the word puck derives from the Scottish Gaelic puc or the 💸 Irish poc ('to poke, punch or deliver a blow')."...

The blow given by a hurler to the ball with his camán 💸 or hurley is always called a puck.

"[9]Precursors [ edit ]

A winter scene by Jan van Goyen from the 17th century

Winter 💸 landscape, with skaters playing IJscolf (Hendrick Avercamp, the 17th-century Dutch painter)

Stick-and-ball games date back to the pre-Christian era in Iran.

[10] 💸 In Europe, these games included the Irish game of hurling, the closely related Scottish game of shinty and versions of 💸 field hockey (including bandy ball, played in England).

IJscolf, a game resembling colf on an ice-covered surface, was popular in the 💸 Low Countries between the Middle Ages and the Dutch Golden Age.

It was played with a wooden curved bat (called a 💸 colf or kolf), a wooden or leather ball and two poles (or nearby landmarks), with the objective to hit the 💸 chosen point using the fewest strokes.

A similar game (knattleikr) had been played for a thousand years or more by the 💸 Scandinavian peoples, as documented in the Icelandic sagas.

Polo has been referred to as "hockey on horseback".

[11] In England, field hockey 💸 developed in the late 17th century, and there is evidence that some games of field hockey took place on the 💸 ice.

[11] These games of "hockey on ice" were sometimes played with a bung (a plug of cork or oak used 💸 as a stopper on a barrel).

William Pierre Le Cocq stated, in a 1799 letter written in Chesham, England:[12]

I must now 💸 describe to you the game of Hockey; we have each a stick turning up at the end.We get a bung.

There 💸 are two sides one of them knocks one way and the other side the other way.

If any one of the 💸 sides makes the bung reach that end of the churchyard it is victorious.

A 1797 engraving unearthed by Swedish sport historians 💸 Carl Gidén and Patrick Houda shows a person on skates with a stick and bung on the River Thames, probably 💸 in December 1796.[13]

British soldiers and immigrants to Canada and the United States brought their stick-and-ball games with them and played 💸 them on the ice and snow of winter.

To while away their boredom and to stay in shape they [European colonial 💸 soldiers in North America] would play on the frozen rivers and lakes.

The British [English] played bandy, the Scots played shinty 💸 and golf, the Irish, hurling, while the Dutch soldiers probably pursued ken jaegen.

Curiosity led some to try lacrosse.

Each group learned 💸 the game from the others.

The most daring ventured to play on skates.

All these contributions nourished a game that was evolving.

Hockey 💸 was invented by all these people, all these cultures, all these individuals.

Hockey is the conclusion of all these beginnings.[14]

In 1825, 💸 John Franklin wrote "The game of hockey played on the ice was the morning sport" on Great Bear Lake near 💸 the town of Délı̨nę during one of his Arctic expeditions.

[citation needed] A mid-1830s watercolour portrays New Brunswick lieutenant-governor Archibald Campbell 💸 and his family with British soldiers on skates playing a stick-on-ice sport.Captain R.G.A.

Levinge, a British Army officer in New Brunswick 💸 during Campbell's time, wrote about "hockey on ice" on Chippewa Creek (a tributary of the Niagara River) in 1839.

[citation needed] 💸 In 1843 another British Army officer in Kingston, Ontario, wrote, "Began to skate this year, improved quickly and had great 💸 fun at hockey on the ice.

"[15] An 1859 Boston Evening Gazette article referred to an early game of hockey on 💸 ice in Halifax that year.

[16] An 1835 painting by John O'Toole depicts skaters with sticks and bung on a frozen 💸 stream in the American state of West Virginia, at that time still part of Virginia.[13]

In that same era, the Mi'kmaq, 💸 a First Nations people of the Canadian Maritimes, also had a stick-and-ball game.

Canadian oral histories describe a traditional stick-and-ball game 💸 played by the Mi'kmaq, and Silas Tertius Rand (in his 1894 Legends of the Micmacs) describes a Mi'kmaq ball game 💸 known as tooadijik.

Rand also describes a game played (probably after European contact) with hurleys, known as wolchamaadijik.

[17][18] Oochamkunutk was the 💸 name used by the Mi'kmaq to describe their own stick and ball game which they played on the ice while 💸 alchamadyk was what the Mi'kmaq called the new the game of "hurley on ice" which was played by others around 💸 the province during the same period.

Of particular note among influential Mi'kmaqs is Joe Cope ("Old Joe"), a Mi'kmaq elder known 💸 for his talent for carving what became one of the earliest types of ice hockey sticks used.

Cope once stated, "Long 💸 before the pale faces strayed to this country, the Mi'kmaqs were playing two ball games, a field game and an 💸 ice game.

"[19] Sticks made by the Mi'kmaq were used by the British for their games.

Early 19th-century paintings depict shinny, an 💸 early form of hockey with no standard rules which was played in Nova Scotia.

[20] Many of these early games absorbed 💸 the physical aggression of what the Onondaga called dehuntshigwa'es (lacrosse).

[21] Shinny was played on the St.

Lawrence River at Montreal and 💸 Quebec City, and in Kingston[15] and Ottawa.

The number of players was often large.

To this day, shinny (derived from the Scottish 💸 game of shinty) is a popular Canadian[22] term for an informal type of hockey, either ice or street hockey.

Thomas Chandler 💸 Haliburton, in The Attache: Second Series (published in 1844) imagined a dialogue, between two of the novel's characters, which mentions 💸 playing "hurly on the long pond on the ice".

This has been interpreted by some historians from Windsor, Nova Scotia as 💸 reminiscent of the days when the author was a student at King's College School in that town in 1810 and 💸 earlier.

[16][17] Based on Haliburton's quote, claims were made that modern hockey was invented in Windsor, Nova Scotia, by King's College 💸 students and perhaps named after an individual ("Colonel Hockey's game").

Others claim that the origins of hockey come from games played 💸 in the area of Dartmouth and Halifax in Nova Scotia.

However, several references have been found to hurling and shinty being 💸 played on the ice long before the earliest references from both Windsor and Dartmouth/Halifax,[24] and the word "hockey" was used 💸 to designate a stick-and-ball game at least as far back as 1773, as it was mentioned in the book Juvenile 💸 Sports and Pastimes, to Which Are Prefixed, Memoirs of the Author: Including a New Mode of Infant Education by Richard 💸 Johnson (Pseud.

Master Michel Angelo), whose chapter XI was titled "New Improvements on the Game of Hockey".[25]

Initial development [ edit ]

Members 💸 of the Montreal Victorias in 1881

The city of Montreal, Quebec, Canada, became the centre of the development of contemporary ice 💸 hockey, and is recognized as the birthplace of organized ice hockey.

[26] On March 3, 1875, the first organized indoor game 💸 was played at Montreal's Victoria Skating Rink between two nine-player teams, including James Creighton and several McGill University students.

Instead of 💸 a ball or bung, the game featured a "flat circular piece of wood"[27] (to keep it in the rink and 💸 to protect spectators).

The goal posts were 8 feet (2.

4 m) apart[27] (today's goals are 6 ft [1.8 m] wide).

Some observers 💸 of the game at McGill made quick note of its surprisingly aggressive and violent nature.

Shins and heads were battered, benches 💸 smashed and the lady spectators fled in confusion.

The Daily British Whig[28]

In 1876, games played in Montreal were "conducted under the 💸 'Hockey Association' rules";[29] the Hockey Association was England's field hockey organization.

In 1877, The Gazette (Montreal) published a list of seven 💸 rules, six of which were largely based on six of the Hockey Association's twelve rules, with only minor differences (even 💸 the word "ball" was kept); the one added rule explained how disputes should be settled.

[30] The McGill University Hockey Club, 💸 the first ice hockey club, was founded in 1877[31] (followed by the Quebec Hockey Club in 1878 and the Montreal 💸 Victorias in 1881).

In 1880, the number of players per side was reduced from nine to seven.[5]

An ice hockey game held 💸 at McGill University in 1884

The number of teams grew, enough to hold the first "world championship" of ice hockey at 💸 Montreal's annual Winter Carnival in 1883.

The McGill team won the tournament and was awarded the Carnival Cup.

[33] The game was 💸 divided into thirty-minute halves.

The positions were now named: left and right wing, centre, rover, point and cover-point, and goaltender.

In 1886, 💸 the teams competing at the Winter Carnival organized the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada (AHAC), and played a season comprising 💸 "challenges" to the existing champion.[34]

In Europe, it was previously believed that in 1885 the Oxford University Ice Hockey Club was 💸 formed to play the first Ice Hockey Varsity Match against traditional rival Cambridge in St.

Moritz, Switzerland; however, this is now 💸 considered to have been a game of bandy.

[35][36] A similar claim which turned out to be accurate is that the 💸 oldest rivalry in ice hockey history is between Queen's University at Kingston and Royal Military College of Kingston, Ontario, with 💸 the first known match taking place in 1886.[37]

In 1888, the Governor General of Canada, The Lord Stanley of Preston, first 💸 attended the Montreal Winter Carnival tournament and was impressed with the game.

His sons and his daughter, Isobel Stanley, were hockey 💸 enthusiasts.

In 1892, realizing that there was no recognition for the best team in Canada (although a number of leagues had 💸 championship trophies), he purchased a silver bowl for use as a trophy.

The Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup (which later became known 💸 as the Stanley Cup) was first awarded in 1893 to the Montreal Hockey Club, champions of the AHAC; it continues 💸 to be awarded annually to the National Hockey League's championship team.

[38] Stanley's son Arthur helped organize the Ontario Hockey Association, 💸 and Stanley's daughter Isobel was one of the first women to play ice hockey.

The Stanley Cup in 1893

By 1893, there 💸 were almost a hundred teams in Montreal alone; in addition, there were leagues throughout Canada.

Winnipeg hockey players used cricket pads 💸 to better protect the goaltender's legs; they also introduced the "scoop" shot, or what is now known as the wrist 💸 shot.

William Fairbrother, from Ontario, Canada, is credited with inventing the ice hockey net in the 1890s.

[39] Goal nets became a 💸 standard feature of the Canadian Amateur Hockey League in 1900.

Left and right defence began to replace the point and cover-point 💸 positions in the OHA in 1906.

American financier Malcolm Greene Chace is credited with being the father of hockey in the 💸 United States.

[41] In 1892, Chace put together a team of men from Yale, Brown, and Harvard, and toured across Canada 💸 as captain of this team.

[41] The first collegiate hockey match in the United States was played between Yale and Johns 💸 Hopkins in Baltimore in 1893.

[42] In 1896, the first ice hockey league in the US was formed.

The US Amateur Hockey 💸 League was founded in New York City, shortly after the opening of the artificial-ice St.Nicholas Rink.

Matthews Arena in Boston remains 💸 the oldest indoor ice hockey arena still in operation.

By 1898 the following leagues had already formed: the Amateur Hockey League 💸 of New York, the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada, and the Ontario Hockey Association.

The 1898 Spalding Athletic Library book includes 💸 rules and results for each league.[43]

Stanley's five sons were instrumental in bringing ice hockey to Europe, defeating a court team 💸 (which included the future Edward VII and George V) at Buckingham Palace in 1895.

[44] By 1903, a five-team league had 💸 been founded.

The Ligue Internationale de Hockey sur Glace was founded in 1908 to govern international competition, and the first European 💸 championship was won by Great Britain in 1910.

The sport grew further in Europe in the 1920s, after ice hockey became 💸 an Olympic sport.

Many bandy players switched to hockey to be able to compete in the Olympics.

[45][46] In the mid-20th century, 💸 the Ligue became the International Ice Hockey Federation.[47]

As the popularity of ice hockey as a spectator sport grew, earlier rinks 💸 were replaced by larger rinks.

Most of the early indoor ice rinks have been demolished; Montreal's Victoria Rink, built in 1862, 💸 was demolished in 1925.

[48] Many older rinks succumbed to fire, such as Denman Arena, Dey's Arena, Quebec Skating Rink and 💸 Montreal Arena, a hazard of the buildings' wood construction.

The Stannus Street Rink in Windsor, Nova Scotia (built in 1897) may 💸 be the oldest still in existence; however, it is no longer used for hockey.

The Aberdeen Pavilion (built in 1898) in 💸 Ottawa was used for hockey in 1904 and is the oldest existing facility that has hosted Stanley Cup games.

The oldest 💸 indoor ice hockey arena still in use today for hockey is Boston's Matthews Arena, which was built in 1910.

It has 💸 been modified extensively several times in its history and is used today by Northeastern University for hockey and other sports.

It 💸 was the original home rink of the Boston Bruins professional team,[49] itself the oldest United States-based team in the NHL, 💸 starting play in the league in what was then called Boston Arena on December 1, 1924.

Madison Square Garden in New 💸 York City, built in 1968, is the oldest continuously-operating arena in the NHL.[50]

Professional era [ edit ]

A ice hockey game 💸 between Berliner Schlittschuhclub and Brussels Royal IHSC, January 1910

While scattered incidents of players taking pay to play hockey occurred as 💸 early as the 1890s,[51][52] those found to have done so were banned from playing in the amateur leagues which dominated 💸 the sport.

By 1902, the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League (WPHL) was the first to employ professionals.

The league joined with teams in 💸 Michigan and Ontario to form the first fully professional league-the International Professional Hockey League (IPHL)-in 1904.

The WPHL and IPHL hired 💸 players from Canada; in response, Canadian leagues began to pay players (who played with amateurs).

The IPHL, cut off from its 💸 largest source of players, disbanded in 1907.

By then, several professional hockey leagues were operating in Canada (with leagues in Manitoba, 💸 Ontario and Quebec).

In 1910, the National Hockey Association (NHA) was formed in Montreal.

The NHA would further refine the rules: dropping 💸 the rover position, dividing the game into three 20-minute periods and introducing minor and major penalties.

After re-organizing as the National 💸 Hockey League in 1917, the league expanded into the United States, starting with the Boston Bruins in 1924.

Professional hockey leagues 💸 developed later in Europe, but amateur leagues leading to national championships were in place.

One of the first was the Swiss 💸 National League A, founded in 1916.

Today, professional leagues have been introduced in most countries of Europe.

Top European leagues include the 💸 Kontinental Hockey League, the Czech Extraliga, the Finnish Liiga and the Swedish Hockey League.

Game [ edit ]

Traditional layout of an 💸 ice hockey rink surface

Over the years, the NHL has made changes to its playing surface.

Today, an NHL rink includes a 💸 trapezoid behind the goal line and a blue painted area in front of the goal.

The blue lines are also closer 💸 together than they are on a traditional rink.

While the general characteristics of the game remain constant, the exact rules depend 💸 on the particular code of play being used.

The two most important codes are those of the IIHF[53] and the NHL.

[54] 💸 Both of these codes, and others, originated from Canadian rules of ice hockey of the early 20th century.

Ice hockey is 💸 played on a hockey rink.

During normal play, there are six players on ice skates on the ice per side, one 💸 of them being the goaltender.

The objective of the game is to score goals by shooting a hard vulcanized rubber disc, 💸 the puck, into the opponent's goal net at the opposite end of the rink.

The players use their sticks to pass 💸 or shoot the puck.

With certain restrictions, players may redirect the puck with any part of their body.

Players may not hold 💸 the puck in their hand and are prohibited from using their hands to pass the puck to their teammates unless 💸 they are in the defensive zone.

Players however can knock a puck out of the air with their hand to themself.

Players 💸 are prohibited from kicking the puck into the opponent's goal, though unintentional redirections off the skate are permitted.

Players may not 💸 intentionally bat the puck into the net with their hands.

VTB Arena is an example of an indoor ice hockey arena.

The 💸 arena is used by HC Dynamo Moscow.

Hockey is an off-side game, meaning that forward passes are allowed, unlike in rugby.

Before 💸 the 1930s, hockey was an on-side game, meaning that only backward passes were allowed.

Those rules emphasized individual stick-handling to drive 💸 the puck forward.

With the arrival of offside rules, the forward pass transformed hockey into a true team sport, where individual 💸 performance diminished in importance relative to team play, which could now be coordinated over the entire surface of the ice 💸 as opposed to merely rearward players.

The six players on each team are typically divided into three forwards, two defencemen, and 💸 one goaltender.

The term skaters typically applies to all players except goaltenders.

The forward positions consist of a centre and two wingers: 💸 a left wing and a right wing.

Forwards often play together as units or lines, with the same three forwards always 💸 playing together.

The defencemen usually stay together as a pair generally divided between left and right.

Left and right side wingers or 💸 defencemen are generally positioned on the side on which they carry their stick.

A substitution of an entire unit at once 💸 is called a line change.

Teams typically employ alternate sets of forward lines and defensive pairings when short-handed or on a 💸 power play.

The goaltender stands in a, usually blue, semi-circle called the crease in the defensive zone keeping pucks out of 💸 the goal.

Substitutions are permitted at any time during the game, although during a stoppage of play the home team is 💸 permitted the final change.

When players are substituted during play, it is called changing on the fly.

An NHL rule added in 💸 the 2005–06 season prevents a team from changing their line after they ice the puck.

Players from the South Carolina Stingrays 💸 perform a line change.

A line change is a substitution of an entire line at once.

The boards surrounding the ice help 💸 keep the puck in play and they can also be used as tools to play the puck.

Players are permitted to 💸 bodycheck opponents into the boards to stop progress.

The referees, linesmen and the outsides of the goal are "in play" and 💸 do not stop the game when the puck or players either bounce into or collide with them.

Play can be stopped 💸 if the goal is knocked out of position.

Play often proceeds for minutes without interruption.

After a stoppage, play is restarted with 💸 a faceoff.

Two players face each other and an official drops the puck to the ice, where the two players attempt 💸 to gain control of the puck.

Markings (circles) on the ice indicate the locations for the faceoff and guide the positioning 💸 of players.

Three major rules of play in ice hockey limit the movement of the puck: offside, icing, and the puck 💸 going out of play.

A player is offside if he enters his opponent's zone before the puck itself.

Under many situations, a 💸 player may not "ice the puck", which means shooting the puck all the way across both the centre line and 💸 the opponent's goal line.

The puck goes out of play whenever it goes past the perimeter of the ice rink (onto 💸 the player benches, over the glass, or onto the protective netting above the glass) and a stoppage of play is 💸 called by the officials using whistles.

It does not matter if the puck comes back onto the ice surface from outside 💸 of the rink, because the puck is considered dead once it leaves the perimeter of the rink.

The referee may also 💸 blow the whistle for a stoppage in play if the puck is jammed along the boards when two or more 💸 players are battling for the puck for a long time, or if the puck is stuck on the back of 💸 any of the two nets for a period of time.

Under IIHF rules, each team may carry a maximum of 20 💸 players and two goaltenders on their roster.

NHL rules restrict the total number of players per game to 18, plus two 💸 goaltenders.

In the NHL, the players are usually divided into four lines of three forwards, and into three pairs of defencemen.

On 💸 occasion, teams may elect to substitute an extra defenceman for a forward.

The seventh defenceman may play as a substitute defenceman, 💸 spend the game on the bench, or if a team chooses to play four lines then this seventh defenceman may 💸 see ice-time on the fourth line as a forward.

Periods and overtime [ edit ]

A professional ice hockey game consists of 💸 three periods of twenty minutes, the clock running only when the puck is in play.

The teams change ends after each 💸 period of play, including overtime.

Recreational leagues and children's leagues often play shorter games, generally with three shorter periods of play.

Scoreboard 💸 for a hockey game during the fourth period.

If a game is tied at the end of the third period, several 💸 leagues and tournaments have teams play additional sudden death overtime periods.

If a tie occurs in tournament play, as well as 💸 in the NHL playoffs, North Americans favour sudden death overtime, in which the teams continue to play twenty-minute periods until 💸 a goal is scored.

Up until the 1999–2000 season, regular-season NHL games were settled with a single five-minute sudden death period 💸 with five players (plus a goalie) per side, with both teams awarded one point in the standings in the event 💸 of a tie.

With a goal, the winning team would be awarded two points and the losing team none (just as 💸 if they had lost in regulation).

The total elapsed time from when the puck first drops, is about 2 hours and 💸 20 minutes for a 60-minute game.

From the 1999–2000 until the 2003–04 seasons, the National Hockey League decided ties by playing 💸 a single five-minute sudden-death overtime period with each team having four skaters per side (plus the goalie).

In the event of 💸 a tie, each team would still receive one point in the standings but in the event of a victory the 💸 winning team would be awarded two points in the standings and the losing team one point.

The idea was to discourage 💸 teams from playing for a tie, since previously some teams might have preferred a tie and 1 point to risking 💸 a loss and zero points.

The exception to this rule is if a team opts to pull their goalie in exchange 💸 for an extra skater during overtime and is subsequently scored upon (an empty net goal), in which case the losing 💸 team receives no points for the overtime loss.

Since the 2015–16 season, the single five-minute sudden-death overtime session involves three skaters 💸 on each side.

Since three skaters must always be on the ice in an NHL game, the consequences of penalties are 💸 slightly different from those during regulation play; any penalty during overtime that would result in a team losing a skater 💸 during regulation instead causes the other side to add a skater.

Once the penalized team's penalty ends, the penalized skater exits 💸 the penalty box and the teams continue at 4-on-4 until the next stoppage of play, at which point the teams 💸 return to three skaters per side.[56]

Several leagues and tournaments have implemented the shootout as a means to determine a winner, 💸 if the game remains tied after an extra overtime period.

International play and several North American professional leagues, including the NHL 💸 (in the regular season), now use an overtime period identical to that from 1999–2000 to 2003–04 followed by a penalty 💸 shootout.

If the score remains tied after an extra overtime period, the subsequent shootout consists of three players from each team 💸 taking penalty shots.

After these six total shots, the team with the most goals is awarded the victory.

If the score is 💸 still tied, the shootout then proceeds to sudden death.

Regardless of the number of goals scored by either team during the 💸 shootout, the final score recorded will award the winning team one more goal than the score at the end of 💸 regulation time.

In the NHL if a game is decided in overtime or by a shootout the winning team is awarded 💸 two points in the standings and the losing team is awarded one point.

Ties no longer occur in the NHL.

Overtime in 💸 the NHL playoffs differs from the regular season.

In the playoffs there are no shootouts.

If a game is tied after regulation, 💸 then a 20-minute period of 5-on-5 sudden-death overtime will be added.

If the game is still tied after the overtime, another 💸 period is added until a team scores, which wins the match.

Since 2019, the IIHF World Championships and the gold medal 💸 game in the Olympics use the same format, but in a 3-on-3 format.

Penalties [ edit ]

An ice hockey player enters 💸 the penalty box.

Players may be sent to the penalty box for rule infractions, forcing their team to play with one 💸 less player for a specified time.

In ice hockey, infractions of the rules lead to a play stoppage whereby the play 💸 is restarted at a faceoff.

Some infractions result in a penalty on a player or team.

In the simplest case, the offending 💸 player is sent to the penalty box and their team must play with one less player on the ice for 💸 a designated time.

Minor penalties last for two minutes, major penalties last for five minutes, and a double minor penalty is 💸 two consecutive penalties of two minutes duration.

A single minor penalty may be extended by two minutes for causing visible injury 💸 to the victimized player.

This is usually when blood is drawn during high sticking.

Players may be also assessed personal extended penalties 💸 or game expulsions for misconduct in addition to the penalty or penalties their team must serve.

The team that has been 💸 given a penalty is said to be playing short-handed while the opposing team is on a power play.

A two-minute minor 💸 penalty is often charged for lesser infractions such as tripping, elbowing, roughing, high-sticking, delay of the game, too many players 💸 on the ice, boarding, illegal equipment, charging (leaping into an opponent or body-checking him after taking more than two strides), 💸 holding, holding the stick (grabbing an opponent's stick), interference, hooking, slashing, kneeing, unsportsmanlike conduct (arguing a penalty call with referee, 💸 extremely vulgar or inappropriate verbal comments), "butt-ending" (striking an opponent with the knob of the stick), "spearing" (jabbing an opponent 💸 with the blade of the stick), or cross-checking.

As of the 2005–2006 season, a minor penalty is also assessed for diving, 💸 where a player embellishes or simulates an offence.

More egregious fouls may be penalized by a four-minute double-minor penalty, particularly those 💸 that injure the victimized player.

These penalties end either when the time runs out or when the other team scores during 💸 the power play.

In the case of a goal scored during the first two minutes of a double-minor, the penalty clock 💸 is set down to two minutes upon a score, effectively expiring the first minor penalty.

A skater cross-checking his opponent, checking 💸 him with the shaft of his stick with two hands.

A skater hooking his opponent, using his stick to restrain him.

These 💸 are examples of rule infractions in the sport; a penalty may be assessed against the players committing them.

Five-minute major penalties 💸 are called for especially violent instances of most minor infractions that result in intentional injury to an opponent, or when 💸 a minor penalty results in visible injury (such as bleeding), as well as for fighting.

Major penalties are always served in 💸 full; they do not terminate on a goal scored by the other team.

Major penalties assessed for fighting are typically offsetting, 💸 meaning neither team is short-handed and the players exit the penalty box upon a stoppage of play following the expiration 💸 of their respective penalties.

The foul of boarding (defined as "check[ing] an opponent in such a manner that causes the opponent 💸 to be thrown violently in the boards")[57] is penalized either by a minor or major penalty at the discretion of 💸 the referee, based on the violent state of the hit.

A minor or major penalty for boarding is often assessed when 💸 a player checks an opponent from behind and into the boards.

Some varieties of penalty do not require the offending team 💸 to play a man short.

Concurrent five-minute major penalties in the NHL usually result from fighting.

In the case of two players 💸 being assessed five-minute fighting majors, both the players serve five minutes without their team incurring a loss of player (both 💸 teams still have a full complement of players on the ice).

This differs with two players from opposing sides getting minor 💸 penalties, at the same time or at any intersecting moment, resulting from more common infractions.

In this case, both teams will 💸 have only four skating players (not counting the goaltender) until one or both penalties expire (if one penalty expires before 💸 the other, the opposing team gets a power play for the remainder of the time); this applies regardless of current 💸 pending penalties.

However, in the NHL, a team always has at least three skaters on the ice.

Thus, ten-minute misconduct penalties are 💸 served in full by the penalized player, but his team may immediately substitute another player on the ice unless a 💸 minor or major penalty is assessed in conjunction with the misconduct (a two-and-ten or five-and-ten).

In this case, the team designates 💸 another player to serve the minor or major; both players go to the penalty box, but only the designee may 💸 not be replaced, and he is released upon the expiration of the two or five minutes, at which point the 💸 ten-minute misconduct begins.

In addition, game misconducts are assessed for deliberate intent to inflict severe injury on an opponent (at the 💸 officials' discretion), or for a major penalty for a stick infraction or repeated major penalties.

The offending player is ejected from 💸 the game and must immediately leave the playing surface (he does not sit in the penalty box); meanwhile, if an 💸 additional minor or major penalty is assessed, a designated player must serve out of that segment of the penalty in 💸 the box (similar to the above-mentioned "two-and-ten").

In some rare cases, a player may receive up to nineteen minutes in penalties 💸 for one string of plays.

This could involve receiving a four-minute double-minor penalty, getting in a fight with an opposing player 💸 who retaliates, and then receiving a game misconduct after the fight.

In this case, the player is ejected and two teammates 💸 must serve the double-minor and major penalties.

A skater taking a penalty shot, with a referee in the background.

A referee may 💸 award a player with a penalty shot if they assess an infraction stopped the player from a clear scoring opportunity.

A 💸 penalty shot is awarded to a player when the illegal actions of another player stop a clear scoring opportunity, most 💸 commonly when the player is on a breakaway.

A penalty shot allows the obstructed player to pick up the puck on 💸 the centre red-line and attempt to score on the goalie with no other players on the ice, to compensate for 💸 the earlier missed scoring opportunity.

A penalty shot is also awarded for a defender other than the goaltender covering the puck 💸 in the goal crease, a goaltender intentionally displacing his own goal posts during a breakaway to avoid a goal, a 💸 defender intentionally displacing his own goal posts when there is less than two minutes to play in regulation time or 💸 at any point during overtime, or a player or coach intentionally throwing a stick or other object at the puck 💸 or the puck carrier and the throwing action disrupts a shot or pass play.

Officials also stop play for puck movement 💸 violations, such as using one's hands to pass the puck in the offensive end, but no players are penalized for 💸 these offences.

The sole exceptions are deliberately falling on or gathering the puck to the body, carrying the puck in the 💸 hand, and shooting the puck out of play in one's defensive zone (all penalized two minutes for delay of game).

In 💸 the NHL, a unique penalty applies to the goalies.

The goalies now are forbidden to play the puck in the "corners" 💸 of the rink near their own net.

This will result in a two-minute penalty against the goalie's team.

Only in the area 💸 in front of the goal line and immediately behind the net (marked by two red lines on either side of 💸 the net) can the goalie play the puck.

An additional rule that has never been a penalty, but was an infraction 💸 in the NHL before recent rules changes, is the two-line offside pass.

Prior to the 2005–06 NHL season, play was stopped 💸 when a pass from inside a team's defending zone crossed the centre line, with a face-off held in the defending 💸 zone of the offending team.

Now, the centre line is no longer used in the NHL to determine a two-line pass 💸 infraction, a change that the IIHF had adopted in 1998.

Players are now able to pass to teammates who are more 💸 than the blue and centre ice red line away.

The NHL has taken steps to speed up the game of hockey 💸 and create a game of finesse, by reducing the number of illegal hits, fights, and "clutching and grabbing" that occurred 💸 in the past.

Rules are now more strictly enforced, resulting in more penalties, which provides more protection to the players and 💸 facilitates more goals being scored.

The governing body for United States' amateur hockey has implemented many new rules to reduce the 💸 number of stick-on-body occurrences, as well as other detrimental and illegal facets of the game ("zero tolerance").

In men's hockey, but 💸 not in women's, a player may use his hip or shoulder to hit another player if the player has the 💸 puck or is the last to have touched it.

This use of the hip and shoulder is called body checking.

Not all 💸 physical contact is legal-in particular, hits from behind, hits to the head and most types of forceful stick-on-body contact are 💸 illegal.

A referee calls a delayed penalty, which sees play continue until a goal is scored, or the opposing team regains 💸 control of the puck.

A delayed penalty call occurs when an offence is committed by the team that does not have 💸 possession of the puck.

In this circumstance the team with possession of the puck is allowed to complete the play; that 💸 is, play continues until a goal is scored, a player on the opposing team gains control of the puck, or 💸 the team in possession commits an infraction or penalty of their own.

Because the team on which the penalty was called 💸 cannot control the puck without stopping play, it is impossible for them to score a goal.

In these cases, the team 💸 in possession of the puck can pull the goalie for an extra attacker without fear of being scored on.

However, it 💸 is possible for the controlling team to mishandle the puck into their own net.

If a delayed penalty is signalled and 💸 the team in possession scores, the penalty is still assessed to the offending player, but not served.

In 2012, this rule 💸 was changed by the United States' National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) for college level hockey.

In college games, the penalty is 💸 still enforced even if the team in possession scores.

[58]Officials [ edit ]

A typical game of hockey is governed by two 💸 to four officials on the ice, charged with enforcing the rules of the game.

There are typically two linesmen who are 💸 mainly responsible for calling "offside" and "icing" violations, breaking up fights, and conducting faceoffs,[59] and one or two referees,[60] who 💸 call goals and all other penalties.

Linesmen can, however, report to the referee(s) that a penalty should be assessed against an 💸 offending player in some situations.

[61] The restrictions on this practice vary depending on the governing rules.

On-ice officials are assisted by 💸 off-ice officials who act as goal judges, time keepers, and official scorers.

Officials working under a four-official system.

Orange armbands are worn 💸 by the referees to distinguish them from the lineswomen.

The most widespread system is the "three-man system", which uses one referee 💸 and two linesmen.

A less commonly used system is the two referee and one linesman system.

This system is close to the 💸 regular three-man system except for a few procedure changes.

Beginning with the National Hockey League, a number of leagues have implemented 💸 the "four-official system", where an additional referee is added to aid in the calling of penalties normally difficult to assess 💸 by one referee.

The system is used in every NHL game since 2001, at IIHF World Championships, the Olympics and in 💸 many professional and high-level amateur leagues in North America and Europe.

Officials are selected by the league they work for.

Amateur hockey 💸 leagues use guidelines established by national organizing bodies as a basis for choosing their officiating staffs.

In North America, the national 💸 organizing bodies Hockey Canada and USA Hockey approve officials according to their experience level as well as their ability to 💸 pass rules knowledge and skating ability tests.

Hockey Canada has officiating levels I through VI.

[62] USA Hockey has officiating levels 1 💸 through 4.

[63]Equipment [ edit ]

Protective gear [ edit ]

Models with the protective equipment worn by ice hockey skaters, such as 💸 a helmet, shoulder pads, elbow pads, gloves, hockey pants, and shin guards

Since men's ice hockey is a full-contact sport, body 💸 checks are allowed so injuries are a common occurrence.

Protective equipment is mandatory and is enforced in all competitive situations.

This includes 💸 a helmet with either a visor or a full face mask, shoulder pads, elbow pads, mouth guard, protective gloves, heavily 💸 padded shorts (also known as hockey pants) or a girdle, athletic cup (also known as a jock, for males; and 💸 jill, for females), shin pads, skates, and (optionally) a neck protector.

Goaltenders [ edit ]

Goaltenders use different equipment.

With hockey pucks approaching 💸 them at speeds of up to 100 mph (160 km/h) they must wear equipment with more protection.

Goaltenders wear specialized goalie 💸 skates (these skates are built more for movement side to side rather than forwards and backwards), a jock or jill, 💸 large leg pads (there are size restrictions in certain leagues), blocking glove, catching glove, a chest protector, a goalie mask, 💸 and a large jersey.

Goaltenders' equipment has continually become larger and larger, leading to fewer goals in each game and many 💸 official rule changes.

Ice skates [ edit ]

Ice hockey skates are optimized for physical acceleration, speed and manoeuvrability.

This includes rapid starts, 💸 stops, turns, and changes in skating direction.

In addition, they must be rigid and tough to protect the skater's feet from 💸 contact with other skaters, sticks, pucks, the boards, and the ice itself.

Rigidity also improves the overall manoeuvrability of the skate.

Blade 💸 length, thickness (width), and curvature (rocker/radius (front to back) and radius of hollow (across the blade width) are quite different 💸 from speed or figure skates.

Hockey players usually adjust these parameters based on their skill level, position, and body type.

The blade 💸 width of most skates are about 1⁄8 inch (3.2 mm) thick.

Ice hockey stick [ edit ]

Each player other than the 💸 goaltender carries a stick consisting of a long, relatively wide, and slightly curved flat blade, attached to a shaft.

The curve 💸 itself has a big impact on its performance.

A deep curve allows for lifting the puck easier while a shallow curve 💸 allows for easier backhand shots.

The flex of the stick also impacts the performance.

Typically, a less flexible stick is meant for 💸 a stronger player since the player is looking for the right balanced flex that allows the stick to flex easily 💸 while still having a strong "whip-back" which sends the puck flying at high speeds.

It is quite distinct from sticks in 💸 other sports games and most suited to hitting and controlling the flat puck.

Its unique shape contributed to the early development 💸 of the game.

The goaltender carries a stick of a different design, with a larger blade and a wide, flat shaft.

This 💸 stick is primarily intended to block shots, but the goaltender may use it to play the puck as well.

Injury [ 💸 edit ]

Ice hockey is a full-contact sport and carries a high risk of injury.

Players are moving at speeds around approximately 💸 20–30 mph (30–50 km/h) and much of the game revolves around the physical contact between the players.

Skate blades, hockey sticks, 💸 shoulder contact, hip contact, and hockey pucks can all potentially cause injuries.

Lace bite, an irritation felt on the front of 💸 the foot or ankle, is a common ice hockey injury.[64]

An injured skater being attended to after hitting the endboards.

Because ice 💸 hockey is a full-contact sport, and involves players moving at high speeds, injuries can occur during play.

Compared to athletes who 💸 play other sports, ice hockey players are at higher risk of overuse injuries and injuries caused by early sports specialization 💸 by teenagers.[65]

According to the Hughston Health Alert, "Lacerations to the head, scalp, and face are the most frequent types of 💸 injury [in hockey]."[66]

One of the leading causes of head injury is body checking from behind.

Due to the danger of delivering 💸 a check from behind, many leagues – including the NHL – have made this a major and game misconduct penalty.

Another 💸 type of check that accounts for many of the player-to-player contact concussions is a check to the head resulting in 💸 a misconduct penalty (called "head contact").

In recent years, the NHL has implemented new rules which penalize and suspend players for 💸 illegal checks to the heads, as well as checks to unsuspecting players.

Studies show that ice hockey causes 44.

3% of all 💸 sports-related traumatic brain injuries among Canadian children.

[67]Tactics [ edit ]

Defensive tactics [ edit ]

Defensive ice hockey tactics vary from more 💸 active to more conservative styles of play.

One distinction is between man-to-man oriented defensive systems, and zonal oriented defensive systems, though 💸 a lot of teams use a combination between the two.

Defensive skills involve pass interception, shot blocking, and stick checking (in 💸 which an attempt to take away the puck or cut off the puck lane is initiated by the stick of 💸 the defensive player).

A tactic commonly used individiually in defence is skating backwards, as this allows a defensive player to follow 💸 the puck both with the eyes and with their movements.[68]

Normally a defensive side accounts for the offensive players by order 💸 of distance to the goal line of the defensive zone, though individual variations occur between different teams as well as 💸 different in-game situations.

This is referred to as "zoning out" the opposing side.

[a] Additional points of emphasis in ice hockey defensive 💸 play are concepts like "managing gaps" (gap control), "boxing out" (not letting the offensive team go on the inside), and 💸 "staying on the right side" (of the puck).

Another popular concept in ice hockey defensive tactics is that of playing a 💸 200-foot game.

[70]Checking [ edit ]

Youths being taught how to properly deliver a check in ice hockey

An important defensive tactic is 💸 checking-attempting to take the puck from an opponent or to remove the opponent from play.

Stick checking, sweep checking, and poke 💸 checking are legal uses of the stick to obtain possession of the puck.

The neutral zone trap is designed to isolate 💸 the puck carrier in the neutral zone preventing him from entering the offensive zone.

Body checking is using one's shoulder or 💸 hip to strike an opponent who has the puck or who is the last to have touched it (the last 💸 person to have touched the puck is still legally "in possession" of it, although a penalty is generally called if 💸 he is checked more than two seconds after his last touch).

Body checking is also a penalty in certain leagues in 💸 order to reduce the chance of injury to players.

Often the term checking is used to refer to body checking, with 💸 its true definition generally only propagated among fans of the game.

One of the most important strategies for a team is 💸 their forecheck.

Forechecking is the act of attacking the opposition in their defensive zone.

Forechecking is an important part of the dump 💸 and chase strategy (i.e.

shooting the puck into the offensive zone and then chasing after it).

Each team uses their own unique 💸 system but the main ones are: 2–1–2, 1–2–2, and 1–4.

The 2–1–2 is the most basic forecheck system where two forwards 💸 go in deep and pressure the opposition's defencemen, the third forward stays high and the two defencemen stay at the 💸 blueline.

The 1–2–2 is a bit more conservative system where one forward pressures the puck carrier and the other two forwards 💸 cover the oppositions' wingers, with the two defencemen staying at the blueline.

The 1–4 is the most defensive forecheck system, referred 💸 to as the neutral zone trap, where one forward applies pressure to the puck carrier around the oppositions' blueline and 💸 the other four players stand basically in a line by their blueline in hopes the opposition will skate into one 💸 of them.

Another strategy is the left wing lock, which has two forwards pressure the puck and the left wing and 💸 the two defencemen stay at the blueline.

Offensive tactics [ edit ]

Offensive tactics include improving a team's position on the ice 💸 by advancing the puck out of one's zone towards the opponent's zone, progressively by gaining lines, first your own blue 💸 line, then the red line and finally the opponent's blue line.

NHL rules instated for the 2006 season redefined the offside 💸 rule to make the two-line pass legal; a player may pass the puck from behind his own blue line, past 💸 both that blue line and the centre red line, to a player on the near side of the opponents' blue 💸 line.

Offensive tactics are designed ultimately to score a goal by taking a shot.

When a player purposely directs the puck towards 💸 the opponent's goal, he or she is said to "shoot" the puck.

An NHL fan exhibit, where guests attempt to deflect 💸 the puck in order to score

A deflection is a shot that redirects a shot or a pass towards the goal 💸 from another player, by allowing the puck to strike the stick and carom towards the goal.

A one-timer is a shot 💸 struck directly off a pass, without receiving the pass and shooting in two separate actions.

Headmanning the puck, also known as 💸 breaking out, is the tactic of rapidly passing to the player farthest down the ice.

Loafing, also known as cherry-picking, is 💸 when a player, usually a forward, skates behind an attacking team, instead of playing defence, in an attempt to create 💸 an easy scoring chance.

A team that is losing by one or two goals in the last few minutes of play 💸 will often elect to pull the goalie; that is, remove the goaltender and replace him or her with an extra 💸 attacker on the ice in the hope of gaining enough advantage to score a goal.

However, it is an act of 💸 desperation, as it sometimes leads to the opposing team extending their lead by scoring a goal in the empty net.

A 💸 goalie heads to the bench in order to allow for an extra attacker.

There are many other little tactics used in 💸 the game of hockey.

Cycling moves the puck along the boards in the offensive zone to create a scoring chance by 💸 making defenders tired or moving them out of position.

Pinching is when a defenceman pressures the opposition's winger in the offensive 💸 zone when they are breaking out, attempting to stop their attack and keep the puck in the offensive zone.

A saucer 💸 pass is a pass used when an opposition's stick or body is in the passing lane.

It is the act of 💸 raising the puck over the obstruction and having it land on a teammate's stick.

A deke, short for "decoy", is a 💸 feint with the body or stick to fool a defender or the goalie.

Many modern players, such as Pavel Datsyuk, Sidney 💸 Crosby and Patrick Kane, have picked up the skill of "dangling", which is fancier deking and requires more stick handling 💸 skills.

Fights [ edit ]

Fighting in ice hockey is officially prohibited in the rules, although it continues to be an established 💸 tradition in the sport in North America.

Although fighting is officially prohibited in the rules, it is not an uncommon occurrence 💸 at the professional level, and its prevalence has been both a target of criticism and a considerable draw for the 💸 sport.

At the professional level in North America fights are unofficially condoned.

Enforcers and other players fight to demoralize the opposing players 💸 while exciting their own, as well as settling personal scores.

A fight will also break out if one of the team's 💸 skilled players gets hit hard or someone receives what the team perceives as a dirty hit.

The amateur game penalizes fisticuffs 💸 more harshly, as a player who receives a fighting major is also assessed at least a 10-minute misconduct penalty (NCAA 💸 and some Junior leagues) or a game misconduct penalty and suspension (high school and younger, as well as some casual 💸 adult leagues).[71]

Women's ice hockey [ edit ]

The International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) holds the IIHF World Women's Championships tournaments in 💸 several divisions; championships are held annually, except that the top flight does not play in Olympic years.[72]

Body checking [ edit 💸 ]

Body checking has been prohibited in women's ice hockey since the mid-1980s in Canada, and spreading from there internationally.

Canada's Rhonda 💸 Leeman Taylor was responsible for banning body contact from all national women's ice hockey tournaments in Canada in 1983.

[73] Body 💸 checking in some of the women's hockey leagues in Canada were completely removed in 1986[74] resulting in a substantial increase 💸 in female participation in ice hockey in Canada.[75]

Prior to this point, bodychecking had been a part of the women's game 💸 in most cases, including in Europe.

It wasn't until after the 1990 Women's World Championship (sanctioned by the International Ice Hockey 💸 Federation) that body checking was eliminated from the women's ice hockey format internationally.

In addition, until the mid 2000s, obstruction and 💸 interference were allowed, including pushing players around in front of the net, minor hooking, and "setting picks".

When the National Hockey 💸 League in North America removed obstruction and interference in the mid 2000s, minor hockey leagues and female leagues followed suit.[76]

In 💸 women's IIHF ice hockey today, body checking is considered an "illegal hit" and is punishable by a minor penalty, major 💸 penalty and game misconduct, or match penalty.

In current IIHF women's competition, body checking is either a minor or major penalty, 💸 decided at the referee's discretion.[77]

Controversy [ edit ]

The idea of reintroducing bodychecking to the female game after its removal in 💸 the 1990s remains controversial.

Some of those opposed to the idea of its reintroduction maintain it would lead to a loss 💸 of female participants, as once stated by Arto Sieppi, Finland's director of women's hockey.

[78] Sieppi made the statement in response 💸 to claims made by the then head coach of Sweden's women's national ice hockey team, Peter Elander,[79] who had claimed 💸 its absence was due to patriarchal sexism.[80]

Peter is a good friend of mine, but I totally disagree...

First of all, it's 💸 a women's sport, and if bodychecking would be allowed, the number of young girls entering the game would decrease rapidly.

[80] 💸 - Mathew Sekeres, "Too dainty to hit?", The Globe and Mail, (September 5, 2009)

The Svenska damhockeyligan (SDHL), known as the 💸 Swedish Women's Hockey League in English, announced in 2022 that it would include body checking during its 2022–23 season, but 💸 would maintain a prohibition on the, "...

"north-south" open-ice hit".

[81][82][83] The new program will also be extended to the Damettan, Sweden's 💸 second-tier women's league.

Equipment [ edit ]

Players in women's competition are required to wear protective full-face masks.

[77] At all levels, players 💸 must wear a pelvic protector, essentially the female equivalent of a jockstrap, known colloquially as a "jill" or "jillstrap".

Other protective 💸 equipment for girls and women in ice hockey is sometimes specifically designed for the female body, such as shoulder pads 💸 designed to protect a women's breast area without reducing mobility.

History [ edit ]

Women began playing the game of ice hockey 💸 in the late 19th century.

Several games were recorded in the 1890s in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

The women of Lord Stanley's family 💸 were known to participate in the game of ice hockey on the outdoor ice rink at Rideau Hall, the residence 💸 of Canada's Governor-General.

The earliest available records of women's ice hockey were in the late 19th-century in Canada.

Much like the men's 💸 game, women had previously been playing a conglomeration of stick-and-ball ice games.

As with men's hockey, the women's game developed at 💸 first without an organizing body.

A tournament in 1902 between Montreal and Trois-Rivieres was billed as the first women's ice hockey 💸 championship tournament.

[citation needed] Several tournaments, such as at the Banff Winter Carnival, were held in the early 20th century with 💸 numerous women's teams such as the Seattle Vamps and Vancouver Amazons.

[citation needed] Organizations started to develop in the 1920s, such 💸 as the Ladies Ontario Hockey Association in Canada, and later, the Dominion Women's Amateur Hockey Association.

Starting in Canada in 1961, 💸 the women's game spread to more universities after the Fitness and Amateur Sport Act came into force in whereby the 💸 Canadian Government of Canada made an official commitment to "encourage, promote and develop fitness and amateur sport in Canada."[84]

Today, the 💸 women's game is played from youth through adult leagues, and the university level in North America and internationally.

There are major 💸 professional women's hockey leagues: the Premier Hockey Federation, (formerly the National Women's Hockey League) with teams in the United States, 💸 Canada, and the Zhenskaya Hockey League with teams in Russia and China.

In 2019, the Professional Women's Hockey Players Association was 💸 formed by over 150 players with the goal of creating a sustainable professional league for women's ice hockey in North 💸 America.

Between 1995 and 2005 the number of participants increased by 400 percent.

[85] In 2011, Canada had 85,827 women players,[86] United 💸 States had 65,609,[87] Finland 4,760,[88] Sweden 3,075[89] and Switzerland 1,172.[90]

Women's ice hockey was added as a medal sport eight years 💸 after the first world women's ice hockey championship in 1990 at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan.[91]

Medal ceremony for 💸 the women's ice hockey tournament at the 2010 Winter Olympics

Prior to the professionalization of women's ice hockey in the 21st 💸 century, almost all professional women hockey players who played against men were goaltenders.

No woman has ever played a full season 💸 in top tier men's professional ice hockey.

The United States Hockey League (USHL) welcomed the first female professional ice hockey player 💸 in 1969–70, when the Marquette Iron Rangers signed 18-year-old Karen Koch, a goaltender.

[92] Only one woman has ever played in 💸 the National Hockey League (NHL), goaltender Manon Rhéaume.

Rhéaume played in NHL pre-season games as a goaltender for the Tampa Bay 💸 Lightning against the St.

Louis Blues and the Boston Bruins.

In 2003, Hayley Wickenheiser played with the Kirkkonummi Salamat in the Finnish 💸 men's Suomi-sarja league.

Women have occasionally competed in North American minor leagues: among them Rhéaume, and fellow goaltenders Kelly Dyer and 💸 Erin Whitten.

Defenceman Angela Ruggiero became the first woman to actively play in a regular season professional hockey game in North 💸 America at a position other than goalie, playing in a single game for the Tulsa Oilers of the Central Hockey 💸 League.

Women's World Championship [ edit ]

The 1989 IIHF European Women Championships in West Germany was the first European Championship held 💸 in women's ice hockey and preceded the eventual International Ice Hockey Federation-sanctioned Women's World Championship for ice hockey.

The first world 💸 ice hockey championship for women was the 1990 IIHF World Women's Championship.

Leagues and championships [ edit ]

The following is a 💸 list of professional ice hockey leagues by attendance:

Club competition [ edit ]

North America [ edit ]

Advert for the 2016 NHL 💸 All-Star Game outside Bridgestone Arena, featuring players from its clubs based in Canada and the United States

The NHL is the 💸 best attended and most popular ice hockey league in the world, and is among the major professional sports leagues in 💸 the United States and Canada.

The league's history began after Canada's National Hockey Association decided to disband in 1917; the result 💸 was the creation of the National Hockey League with four teams.

The league expanded to the United States beginning in 1924 💸 and had as many as 10 teams before contracting to six teams by 1942–43.

In 1967, the NHL doubled in size 💸 to 12 teams, undertaking one of the greatest expansions in professional sports history.

A few years later, in 1972, a new 💸 12-team league, the World Hockey Association (WHA) was formed and due to its ensuing rivalry with the NHL, it caused 💸 an escalation in players' salaries.

In 1979, the 17-team NHL merged with the WHA creating a 21-team league.

[98] By 2017, the 💸 NHL had expanded to 31 teams, and after a realignment in 2013, these teams were divided into two conferences and 💸 four divisions.

[99] The league expanded to 32 teams in 2021.[100]

The American Hockey League (AHL) is the primary developmental professional league 💸 for players aspiring to enter the NHL.

It comprises 31 teams from the United States and Canada.

It is run as a 💸 farm league to the NHL, with the vast majority of AHL players under contract to an NHL team.

The ECHL (called 💸 the East Coast Hockey League before the 2003–04 season) is a mid-level minor league in the United States with a 💸 few players under contract to NHL or AHL teams.

As of 2019, there are three minor professional leagues with no NHL 💸 affiliations: the Federal Prospects Hockey League (FPHL), Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey (LNAH), and the Southern Professional Hockey League (SPHL).

Pre-game warmups 💸 prior to a Memorial Cup game.

The tourney serves as the championship for the major junior Canadian Hockey League.

U Sports ice 💸 hockey is the highest level of play at the Canadian university level under the auspices of U Sports, Canada's governing 💸 body for university sports.

As these players compete at the university level, they are obligated to follow the rule of standard 💸 eligibility of five years.

In the United States especially, college hockey is popular and the best university teams compete in the 💸 annual NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Championship.

The American Collegiate Hockey Association is composed of college teams at the club level.

In Canada, 💸 the Canadian Hockey League is an umbrella organization comprising three major junior leagues: the Ontario Hockey League, the Western Hockey 💸 League, and the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League.

It attracts players from Canada, the United States and Europe.

The major junior players 💸 are considered amateurs as they are under 21-years-old and not paid a salary, however, they do get a stipend and 💸 play a schedule similar to a professional league.

Typically, the NHL drafts many players directly from the major junior leagues.

In the 💸 United States, the United States Hockey League (USHL) is the highest junior league.

Players in this league are also amateur with 💸 players required to be under 21-years old, but do not get a stipend, which allows players to retain their eligibility 💸 for participation in NCAA ice hockey.

Eurasia [ edit ]

A Russian stamp commemorating the Gagarin Cup, which is presented to the 💸 KHL's playoff champion.

The KHL is the largest ice hockey league in Eurasia.

The Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) is the largest and 💸 most popular ice hockey league in Eurasia.

The league is the direct successor to the Russian Super League, which in turn 💸 was the successor to the Soviet League, the history of which dates back to the Soviet adoption of ice hockey 💸 in the 1940s.

The KHL was launched in 2008 with clubs predominantly from Russia, but featuring teams from other post-Soviet states.

The 💸 league expanded beyond the former Soviet countries beginning in the 2011–12 season, with clubs in Croatia and Slovakia.

The KHL currently 💸 comprises member clubs based in Belarus (1), China (1), Kazakhstan (1) and Russia (19) for a total of 22.

The second 💸 division of hockey in Eurasia is the Supreme Hockey League (VHL).

This league features 24 teams from Russia and 2 from 💸 Kazakhstan.

This league is currently being converted to a farm league for the KHL, similarly to the AHL's function in relation 💸 to the NHL.

The third division is the Russian Hockey League, which features only teams from Russia.

The Asia League, an international 💸 ice hockey league featuring clubs from China, Japan, South Korea, and the Russian Far East, is the successor to the 💸 Japan Ice Hockey League.

The highest junior league in Eurasia is the Junior Hockey League (MHL).

It features 32 teams from post-Soviet 💸 states, predominantly Russia.

The second tier to this league is the Junior Hockey League Championships (MHL-B).

Europe [ edit ]

Players from the 💸 ZSC Lions line up prior to a game.

The club plays in the Swiss National League A.

Finnish clubs Jokerit and HIFK 💸 during a 2011 game at the Helsinki Olympic Stadium

Several countries in Europe have their own top professional senior leagues.

Many future 💸 KHL and NHL players start or end their professional careers in these leagues.

The National League A in Switzerland, Swedish Hockey 💸 League in Sweden, Liiga in Finland, and Czech Extraliga in the Czech Republic are all very popular in their respective 💸 countries.

Beginning in the 2014–15 season, the Champions Hockey League was launched, a league consisting of first-tier teams from several European 💸 countries, running parallel to the teams' domestic leagues.

The competition is meant to serve as a Europe-wide ice hockey club championship.

The 💸 competition is a direct successor to the European Trophy and is related to the 2008–09 tournament of the same name.

There 💸 are also several annual tournaments for clubs, held outside of league play.

Pre-season tournaments include the European Trophy, Tampere Cup and 💸 the Pajulahti Cup.

One of the oldest international ice hockey competition for clubs is the Spengler Cup, held every year in 💸 Davos, Switzerland, between Christmas and New Year's Day.

It was first awarded in 1923 to the Oxford University Ice Hockey Club.

The 💸 Memorial Cup, a competition for junior-level (age 20 and under) clubs is held annually from a pool of junior championship 💸 teams in Canada and the United States.

International club competitions organized by the IIHF include the Continental Cup, the Victoria Cup 💸 and the European Women's Champions Cup.

The World Junior Club Cup is an annual tournament of junior ice hockey clubs representing 💸 each of the top junior leagues.

Other regions [ edit ]

The Australian Ice Hockey League and New Zealand Ice Hockey League 💸 are represented by nine and five teams respectively.

As of 2012, the two top teams of the previous season from each 💸 league compete in the Trans-Tasman Champions League.

Ice hockey in Africa is a small but growing sport; while no African ice 💸 hockey playing nation has a domestic national league, there are several regional leagues in South Africa.

National team competitions [ edit 💸 ]

Ice hockey has been played at the Winter Olympics since 1924 (and was played at the summer games in 1920).

Hockey 💸 is Canada's national winter sport, and Canadians are extremely passionate about the game.

The nation has traditionally done very well at 💸 the Olympic games, winning six of the first seven gold medals.

However, by 1956, its amateur club teams and national teams 💸 could not compete with the teams of government-supported players from the Soviet Union.

The USSR won all but two gold medals 💸 from 1956 to 1988.

The United States won its first gold medal in 1960.

On the way to winning the gold medal 💸 at the 1980 Lake Placid Olympics, amateur US college players defeated the heavily favoured Soviet squad-an event known as the 💸 "Miracle on Ice" in the United States.

Restrictions on professional players were fully dropped at the 1988 games in Calgary.

NHL agreed 💸 to participate ten years later.

The 1998 Games saw the full participation of players from the NHL, which suspended operations during 💸 the Games and has done so in subsequent Games up until 2018.

The 2010 games in Vancouver were the first played 💸 in an NHL city since the inclusion of NHL players.

The 2010 games were the first played on NHL-sized ice rinks, 💸 which are narrower than the IIHF standard.

National teams representing the member federations of the IIHF compete annually in the IIHF 💸 Ice Hockey World Championships.

Teams are selected from the available players by the individual federations, without restriction on amateur or professional 💸 status.

Since it is held in the spring, the tournament coincides with the annual NHL Stanley Cup playoffs and many of 💸 the top players are hence not available to participate in the tournament.

Many of the NHL players who do play in 💸 the IIHF tournament come from teams eliminated before the playoffs or in the first round, and federations often hold open 💸 spots until the tournament to allow for players to join the tournament after their club team is eliminated.

For many years, 💸 the tournament was an amateur-only tournament, but this restriction was removed, beginning in 1977.

The 1972 Summit Series and 1974 Summit 💸 Series, two series pitting the best Canadian and Soviet players without IIHF restrictions were major successes, and established a rivalry 💸 between Canada and the USSR.

In the spirit of best-versus-best without restrictions on amateur or professional status, the series were followed 💸 by five Canada Cup tournaments, played in North America.

Two NHL versus USSR series were also held: the 1979 Challenge Cup 💸 and Rendez-vous '87.

The Canada Cup tournament later became the World Cup of Hockey, played in 1996, 2004 and 2016.

The United 💸 States won in 1996 and Canada won in 2004 and 2016.

Since the initial women's world championships in 1990, there have 💸 been fifteen tournaments.

[72] Women's hockey has been played at the Olympics since 1998.

[91] The only finals in the women's world 💸 championship or Olympics that did not involve both Canada and the United States were the 2006 Winter Olympic final between 💸 Canada and Sweden and 2019 World Championship final between the US and Finland.

Other ice hockey tournaments featuring national teams include 💸 the World Junior Championship, the World U18 Championships, the World U-17 Hockey Challenge, the World Junior A Challenge, the Ivan 💸 Hlinka Memorial Tournament, the World Women's U18 Championships and the 4 Nations Cup.

The annual Euro Hockey Tour, an unofficial European 💸 championship between the national men's teams of the Czech Republic, Finland, Russia and Sweden have been played since 1996–97.

Attendance records 💸 [ edit ]

The Big Chill at the Big House was a collegiate ice hockey game played at Michigan Stadium in 💸 2010.

The game set the attendance record for ice hockey games.

The attendance record for an ice hockey game was set on 💸 December 11, 2010, when the University of Michigan's men's ice hockey team faced cross-state rival Michigan State in an event 💸 billed as "The Big Chill at the Big House".

The game was played at Michigan's (American) football venue, Michigan Stadium in 💸 Ann Arbor, with a capacity of 109,901 as of the 2010 football season.

When UM stopped sales to the public on 💸 May 6, 2010, with plans to reserve remaining tickets for students, over 100,000 tickets had been sold for the event.

[101] 💸 Ultimately, a crowd announced by UM as 113,411, the largest in the stadium's history (including football), saw the homestanding Wolverines 💸 win 5–0.

Guinness World Records, using a count of ticketed fans who actually entered the stadium instead of UM's figure of 💸 tickets sold, announced a final figure of 104,173.[102][103]

The record was approached but not broken at the 2014 NHL Winter Classic, 💸 which also held at Michigan Stadium, with the Detroit Red Wings as the home team and the Toronto Maple Leafs 💸 as the opposing team with an announced crowd of 105,491.

The record for an NHL Stanley Cup playoff game is 28,183, 💸 set on April 23, 1996, at the Thunderdome during a Tampa Bay Lightning – Philadelphia Flyers game.[104]

International status [ edit 💸 ]

The match between Ilves (yellow and green) and Tappara (blue and orange) on December 3, 2021, at Nokia Arena in 💸 Tampere, Finland

Ice hockey is most popular in Canada, Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Northern Europe, and the United States.

Ice hockey is 💸 the official national winter sport of Canada.

[105] In addition, ice hockey is the most popular winter sport in Belarus, Croatia, 💸 the Czech Republic, Finland, Latvia, Russia, Slovakia, Poland, Sweden, and Switzerland.

North America's National Hockey League (NHL) is the highest level 💸 for men's ice hockey and the strongest professional ice hockey league in the world.

The Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) is the 💸 highest league in Russia and much of Eastern Europe.

The International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) is the formal governing body for 💸 international ice hockey, with the IIHF managing international tournaments and maintaining the IIHF World Ranking.

Worldwide, the International Ice Hockey Federation 💸 has 83 member national associations, comprising 60 full members, 22 associate members, and one affiliate member.[106]

In international competitions, the national 💸 teams of six countries (the Big Six) predominate: Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, Russia, Sweden and the United States.

Of the 69 💸 medals awarded all-time in men's competition at the Olympics, only seven medals were not awarded to one of those countries 💸 (or two of their precursors, the Soviet Union for Russia, and Czechoslovakia for the Czech Republic).

In the annual Ice Hockey 💸 World Championships, 177 of 201 medals have been awarded to the six nations; Canada has won the most gold medals.

Teams 💸 outside the Big Six have won only nine medals in either competition since 1953.

[107][108] The World Cup of Hockey is 💸 organized by the National Hockey League and the National Hockey League Players' Association (NHLPA), unlike the annual World Championships and 💸 quadrennial Olympic tournament, both run by the International Ice Hockey Federation.

World Cup games are played under NHL rules and not 💸 those of the IIHF, and the tournament occurs prior to the NHL pre-season, allowing for all NHL players to be 💸 available, unlike the World Championships, which overlaps with the NHL's Stanley Cup playoffs.

Furthermore, all 12 Women's Olympic and 36 IIHF 💸 World Women's Championship medals were awarded to one of the Big Six.

The Canadian national team or the United States national 💸 team have between them won every gold medal of either series.[109][110]

Number of registered players by country [ edit ]

Number of 💸 registered hockey players, including male, female and junior, provided by the respective countries' federations.

This list only includes the 36 of 💸 83 IIHF member countries with more than 1,000 registered players as of November 2022.[111][112]

Country Players % of population 551,006 0.163% 💸 513,674 1.332% 103,101 0.071% 66,687 1.203% 61,547 0.582% 34,341 0.327% 29,360 0.335% 21,090 0.025% 18,686 0.029% 16,219 0.013% 13,388 0.001% 💸 13,327 0.020% 11,447 0.198% 8,943 0.088% 8,618 0.158% 7,898 0.429% 7,232 0.081% 7,053 0.074% 6,150 0.023% 5,341 0.014% 5,147 0.087% 💸 5,136 0.009% 4,320 0.022% 3,950 0.010% 3,515 0.020% 3,044 0.006% 2,702 0.041% 2,213 0.011% 2,035 0.039% 1,793 0.015% 1,700 0.007% 💸 1,502 0.000% 1,486 0.002% 1,340 0.049% 1,232 0.001% 1,072 0.

051%Variants [ edit ]

Pond hockey [ edit ]

Pond hockey is a 💸 form of ice hockey played generally as pick-up hockey on lakes, ponds and artificial outdoor rinks during the winter.

Pond hockey 💸 is commonly referred to in hockey circles as shinny.

Its rules differ from traditional hockey because there is no hitting and 💸 very little shooting, placing a greater emphasis on skating, stickhandling and passing abilities.

Since 2002, the World Pond Hockey Championship has 💸 been played on Roulston Lake in Tobique Valley, New Brunswick, Canada.

[113] Since 2006, the US Pond Hockey Championships have been 💸 played in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and the Canadian National Pond Hockey Championships have been played in Huntsville, Ontario.

Sledge hockey [ edit 💸 ]

Sledge hockey is an adaption of ice hockey designed for players who have a physical disability.

Players are seated in sleds 💸 and use a specialized hockey stick that also helps the player navigate on the ice.

The sport was created in Sweden 💸 in the early 1960s and is played under similar rules to ice hockey.

In popular culture [ edit ]

Ice hockey is 💸 the official winter sport of Canada.

Ice hockey, partially because of its popularity as a major professional sport, has been a 💸 source of inspiration for numerous films, television episodes and songs in Canadian and American popular culture.

[114][115]See also [ edit ]Notes 💸 [ edit ]

^ [69] This may be described as a referential modus operandi and a normative view of ice hockey 💸 defensive tactics and may or may not reflect actual game situations.

References [ edit ]Citations [ edit ]

Works cited [ edit 💸 ]

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Atualmente o time disputa a série dos campeonatos da NCAA que ⚾️ envolve a Divisão NCAA universitário.A série S.O.G.M.

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Os ⚾️ jogos ocorrem na National Football League e no futebol americano, em vez de em casa.

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Kambalı ("kâlık") ou "kâlak" (literalmente "língua") era o idioma oficial dos antigos gregos, cuja fundação data de 679 a.C..

Alguns estudiosos 💴 acreditam que ele foi criado pelos persas e árabes, quando os gregos se estabeleceram no território que atualmente é o 💴 Egito, entre 679 e679 d.C..

A palavra persa "kâlak" é derivada de "mak" (طاسا), "mak'lı", de acordo com os manuscritos gregos 💴 koinéus.

O idioma persa tardio "kâlak" é derivado da palavra kalqandir (ساب) "likhar" que significa "língua de karma".

O persa antigo "kâlak" 💴 foi adotado pelos gregos em toda a região de influência da cultura persa.

Os persas introduziram o "kâlak", o primeiro uso 💴 comum da língua, em 680 d.C.

com o nome de "Shanah" ("safá"), filho de "Almutam" (mutaween).

O primeiro uso foi na Babilônia 💴 durante a dinastia máutre.

Segundo as escrituras sagradas, a língua não tem como sucessor "Kheta".Depois da

destruição do Reino da Babilônia, os 💴 persas passaram a usar o idioma assírio para expressar a força militar, a prosperidade e os seus privilégios.

O primeiro uso 💴 registrado por eles foi em 604 d.C.

, quando um príncipe persa ordenou aos seus súditos que usassem o idioma assírio 💴 (língua assírio).

As primeiras referências literárias de "kâlak" ocorrem no Talmude escrito em 651 d.C.

, com o uso do nome persa 💴 tardio "Kák".

"Kák" é a tradução para o persa antigo: "língua para a terra".

Na literatura escrita, "Katat" é a indicação dos 💴 pronomes da pessoa humana, especialmente quando a pessoa masculina atua

como seu objeto de referência.

Os falantes de "kâlak" (como os próprios 💴 gregos conheciam a escrita assíria) muitas vezes não falavam o "kâlak" no idioma original, mas usavam uma variedade de termos, 💴 um vocabulário comum para estes.

Um dicionário grego de "kâlak" (""kâlak"), que foi compilado em "Épica", tem os termos "kâlak" e 💴 "kâlak" na mesma "linha" de "kâlak".

Apesar deste facto, Källe (uma palavra cognavo que se pronuncia em grego) é tão "kâlak" 💴 como um nome "kaïfâ" (safâ), e os demais termos são "kaïfâ" (safâ) e "kaïfâ" (safâ) nas palavras (a mesma forma 💴 que "kâlak" e "kâlak" eram pronunciados

em um sotaque local).

Há duas maneiras de se escrever uma frase em "kâlak": (1) por 💴 simples ortografia; e (2) por uso de uma linha fonológica muito ampla.

A maneira mais utilizada para se escrever um termo 💴 em "kâlak" é transliteração.

Quando "kâlak" é traduzido para "pedra"

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