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Computer operating systems "Windows" redirects here. For the part of a building, see Window . For other uses, see Windows (disambiguation) Microsoft 7️⃣ Windows is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families developed and marketed by Microsoft. Each family caters to 7️⃣ a certain sector of the computing industry. For instance, Windows NT for consumer and corporate desktops, Windows Server for servers, 7️⃣ and Windows IoT for embedded systems. Defunct Windows families include Windows 9x, Windows Mobile, Windows Phone, and Windows Embedded Compact. The 7️⃣ first version of Windows was released on November 20, 1985, as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response 7️⃣ to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs).[12] Windows is the most popular desktop operating system in the world, with 7️⃣ a 70% market share as of March 2024 , according to StatCounter.[13] However, Windows is not the most used operating 7️⃣ system when including both mobile and desktop OSes, due to Android's massive growth.[14] As of December 2024 , the most recent 7️⃣ version of Windows is Windows 11 for consumer PCs and tablets, Windows 11 Enterprise for corporations, and Windows Server 2024 7️⃣ for servers. Genealogy By marketing role Microsoft, the developer of Windows, has registered several trademarks, each of which denotes a family of Windows 7️⃣ operating systems that target a specific sector of the computing industry. As of 2014, the following Windows families were being 7️⃣ actively developed: These Windows families are no longer being developed: Version history The term Windows collectively describes any or all of several generations 7️⃣ of Microsoft operating system products. These products are generally categorized as follows: Early versions The history of Windows dates back to 1981 7️⃣ when Microsoft started work on a program called "Interface Manager". It was announced in November 1983 (after the Apple Lisa, 7️⃣ but before the Macintosh) under the name "Windows", but Windows 1.0 was not released until November 1985.[17] Windows 1.0 was 7️⃣ to compete with Apple's operating system, but achieved little popularity. Windows 1.0 is not a complete operating system; rather, it 7️⃣ extends MS-DOS. The shell of Windows 1.0 is a program known as the MS-DOS Executive. Components included Calculator, Calendar, Cardfile, 7️⃣ Clipboard Viewer, Clock, Control Panel, Notepad, Paint, Reversi, Terminal and Write. Windows 1.0 does not allow overlapping windows. Instead, all 7️⃣ windows are tiled. Only modal dialog boxes may appear over other windows. Microsoft sold as included Windows Development libraries with 7️⃣ the C development environment, which included numerous windows samples.[18] Windows 2.0 was released in December 1987, and was more popular than 7️⃣ its predecessor. It features several improvements to the user interface and memory management.[19] Windows 2.03 changed the OS from tiled 7️⃣ windows to overlapping windows. The result of this change led to Apple Computer filing a suit against Microsoft alleging infringement 7️⃣ on Apple's copyrights (eventually settled in court in Microsoft's favor in 1993).[20][21] Windows 2.0 also introduced more sophisticated keyboard shortcuts 7️⃣ and could make use of expanded memory. Windows 2.1 was released in two different versions: Windows/286 and Windows/386. Windows/386 uses the 7️⃣ virtual 8086 mode of the Intel 80386 to multitask several DOS programs and the paged memory model to emulate expanded 7️⃣ memory using available extended memory. Windows/286, in spite of its name, runs on both Intel 8086 and Intel 80286 processors. 7️⃣ It runs in real mode but can make use of the high memory area.[citation needed] In addition to full Windows packages, 7️⃣ there were runtime-only versions that shipped with early Windows software from third parties and made it possible to run their 7️⃣ Windows software on MS-DOS and without the full Windows feature set. The early versions of Windows are often thought of as 7️⃣ graphical shells, mostly because they ran on top of MS-DOS and used it for file system services.[22] However, even the 7️⃣ earliest Windows versions already assumed many typical operating system functions; notably, having their own executable file format and providing their 7️⃣ own device drivers (timer, graphics, printer, mouse, keyboard and sound). Unlike MS-DOS, Windows allowed users to execute multiple graphical applications 7️⃣ at the same time, through cooperative multitasking. Windows implemented an elaborate, segment-based, software virtual memory scheme, which allows it to 7️⃣ run applications larger than available memory: code segments and resources are swapped in and thrown away when memory became scarce; 7️⃣ data segments moved in memory when a given application had relinquished processor control. Windows 3.x Windows 3.0, released in 1990 Windows 3.0, released 7️⃣ in 1990, improved the design, mostly because of virtual memory and loadable virtual device drivers (VxDs) that allow Windows to 7️⃣ share arbitrary devices between multi-tasked DOS applications.[citation needed] Windows 3.0 applications can run in protected mode, which gives them access 7️⃣ to several megabytes of memory without the obligation to participate in the software virtual memory scheme. They run inside the 7️⃣ same address space, where the segmented memory provides a degree of protection. Windows 3.0 also featured improvements to the user 7️⃣ interface. Microsoft rewrote critical operations from C into assembly. Windows 3.0 was the first version of Windows to achieve broad 7️⃣ commercial success, selling 2 million copies in the first six months.[23][24] Versions before Windows 95 had to be installed from floppy 7️⃣ disks by end users (or in professional environments with a network installation); here Windows for Workgroups with nine 3.5-inch-disks to 7️⃣ be inserted sequentially. Windows 3.1, made generally available on March 1, 1992, featured a facelift. In August 1993, Windows for Workgroups, 7️⃣ a special version with integrated peer-to-peer networking features and a version number of 3.11, was released. It was sold along 7️⃣ with Windows 3.1. Support for Windows 3.1 ended on December 31, 2001.[25] Windows 3.2, released in 1994, is an updated version 7️⃣ of the Chinese version of Windows 3.1.[26] The update was limited to this language version, as it fixed only issues 7️⃣ related to the complex writing system of the Chinese language.[27] Windows 3.2 was generally sold by computer manufacturers with a 7️⃣ ten-disk version of MS-DOS that also had Simplified Chinese characters in basic output and some translated utilities. Windows 9x The next major 7️⃣ consumer-oriented release of Windows, Windows 95, was released on August 24, 1995. While still remaining MS-DOS-based, Windows 95 introduced support 7️⃣ for native 32-bit applications, plug and play hardware, preemptive multitasking, long file names of up to 255 characters, and provided 7️⃣ increased stability over its predecessors. Windows 95 also introduced a redesigned, object oriented user interface, replacing the previous Program Manager 7️⃣ with the Start menu, taskbar, and Windows Explorer shell. Windows 95 was a major commercial success for Microsoft; Ina Fried 7️⃣ of CNET remarked that "by the time Windows 95 was finally ushered off the market in 2001, it had become 7️⃣ a fixture on computer desktops around the world."[28] Microsoft published four OEM Service Releases (OSR) of Windows 95, each of 7️⃣ which was roughly equivalent to a service pack. The first OSR of Windows 95 was also the first version of 7️⃣ Windows to be bundled with Microsoft's web browser, Internet Explorer.[29] Mainstream support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2000, 7️⃣ and extended support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2001.[30] Windows 95 was followed up with the release of Windows 7️⃣ 98 on June 25, 1998, which introduced the Windows Driver Model, support for USB composite devices, support for ACPI, hibernation, 7️⃣ and support for multi-monitor configurations. Windows 98 also included integration with Internet Explorer 4 through Active Desktop and other aspects 7️⃣ of the Windows Desktop Update (a series of enhancements to the Explorer shell which was also made available for Windows 7️⃣ 95). In May 1999, Microsoft released Windows 98 Second Edition, an updated version of Windows 98. Windows 98 SE added 7️⃣ Internet Explorer 5.0 and Windows Media Player 6.2 amongst other upgrades. Mainstream support for Windows 98 ended on June 30, 7️⃣ 2002, and extended support for Windows 98 ended on July 11, 2006.[31] On September 14, 2000, Microsoft released Windows Me (Millennium 7️⃣ Edition), the last DOS-based version of Windows. Windows Me incorporated visual interface enhancements from its Windows NT-based counterpart Windows 2000, 7️⃣ had faster boot times than previous versions (which however, required the removal of the ability to access a real mode 7️⃣ DOS environment, removing compatibility with some older programs),[32] expanded multimedia functionality (including Windows Media Player 7, Windows Movie Maker, and 7️⃣ the Windows Image Acquisition framework for retrieving Windows 7️⃣ NT Version history Early versions (Windows NT 3.1/3.5/3.51/4.0/2000) Windows logo, 1995 In November 1988, a new development team within Microsoft (which included former Digital 7️⃣ Equipment Corporation developers Dave Cutler and Mark Lucovsky) began work on a revamped version of IBM and Microsoft's OS/2 operating 7️⃣ system known as "NT OS/2". NT OS/2 was intended to be a secure, multi-user operating system with POSIX compatibility and 7️⃣ a modular, portable kernel with preemptive multitasking and support for multiple processor architectures. However, following the successful release of Windows 7️⃣ 3.0, the NT development team decided to rework the project to use an extended 32-bit port of the Windows API 7️⃣ known as Win32 instead of those of OS/2. Win32 maintained a similar structure to the Windows APIs (allowing existing Windows 7️⃣ applications to easily be ported to the platform), but also supported the capabilities of the existing NT kernel. Following its 7️⃣ approval by Microsoft's staff, development continued on what was now Windows NT, the first 32-bit version of Windows. However, IBM 7️⃣ objected to the changes, and ultimately continued OS/2 development on its own.[34][35] Windows NT was the first Windows operating system based 7️⃣ on a hybrid kernel. The hybrid kernel was designed as a modified microkernel, influenced by the Mach microkernel developed by 7️⃣ Richard Rashid at Carnegie Mellon University, but without meeting all of the criteria of a pure microkernel. The first release of 7️⃣ the resulting operating system, Windows NT 3.1 (named to associate it with Windows 3.1) was released in July 1993, with 7️⃣ versions for desktop workstations and servers. Windows NT 3.5 was released in September 1994, focusing on performance improvements and support 7️⃣ for Novell's NetWare, and was followed up by Windows NT 3.51 in May 1995, which included additional improvements and support 7️⃣ for the PowerPC architecture. Windows NT 4.0 was released in June 1996, introducing the redesigned interface of Windows 95 to 7️⃣ the NT series. On February 17, 2000, Microsoft released Windows 2000, a successor to NT 4.0. The Windows NT name 7️⃣ was dropped at this point in order to put a greater focus on the Windows brand.[35] Windows XP The next major version 7️⃣ of Windows NT, Windows XP, was released to manufacturing (RTM) on August 24, 2001, and to the general public on 7️⃣ October 25, 2001. The introduction of Windows XP aimed to unify the consumer-oriented Windows 9x series with the architecture introduced 7️⃣ by Windows NT, a change which Microsoft promised would provide better performance over its DOS-based predecessors. Windows XP would also 7️⃣ introduce a redesigned user interface (including an updated Start menu and a "task-oriented" Windows Explorer), streamlined multimedia and networking features, 7️⃣ Internet Explorer 6, integration with Microsoft's .NET Passport services, a "compatibility mode" to help provide backwards compatibility with software designed 7️⃣ for previous versions of Windows, and Remote Assistance functionality.[36][37] At retail, Windows XP was marketed in two main editions: the "Home" 7️⃣ edition was targeted towards consumers, while the "Professional" edition was targeted towards business environments and power users, and included additional 7️⃣ security and networking features. Home and Professional were later accompanied by the "Media Center" edition (designed for home theater PCs, 7️⃣ with an emphasis on support for DVD playback, TV tuner cards, DVR functionality, and remote controls), and the "Tablet PC" 7️⃣ edition (designed for mobile devices meeting its specifications for a tablet computer, with support for stylus pen input and additional 7️⃣ pen-enabled applications).[38][39][40] Mainstream support for Windows XP ended on April 14, 2009. Extended support ended on April 8, 2014.[41] After Windows 7️⃣ 2000, Microsoft also changed its release schedules for server operating systems; the server counterpart of Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, 7️⃣ was released in April 2003.[35] It was followed in December 2005, by Windows Server 2003 R2. Windows Vista After a lengthy development 7️⃣ process, Windows Vista was released on November 30, 2006, for volume licensing and January 30, 2007, for consumers. It contained 7️⃣ a number of new features, from a redesigned shell and user interface to significant technical changes, with a particular focus 7️⃣ on security features. It was available in a number of different editions, and has been subject to some criticism, such 7️⃣ as drop of performance, longer boot time, criticism of new UAC, and stricter license agreement. Vista's server counterpart, Windows Server 7️⃣ 2008 was released in early 2008. Windows 7 On July 22, 2009, Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 were released to 7️⃣ manufacturing (RTM) and released to the public three months later on October 22, 2009. Unlike its predecessor, Windows Vista, which 7️⃣ introduced a large number of new features, Windows 7 was intended to be a more focused, incremental upgrade to the 7️⃣ Windows line, with the goal of being compatible with applications and hardware with which Windows Vista was already compatible.[42] Windows 7️⃣ 7 has multi-touch support, a redesigned Windows shell with an updated taskbar with revealable jump lists that contain shortcuts to 7️⃣ files frequently used with specific applications and shortcuts to tasks within the application,[43] a home networking system called HomeGroup,[44] and 7️⃣ performance improvements. Windows 8 and 8.1 Windows logo (2012–2024) Windows 8, the successor to Windows 7, was released generally on October 26, 2012. 7️⃣ A number of significant changes were made on Windows 8, including the introduction of a user interface based around Microsoft's 7️⃣ Metro design language with optimizations for touch-based devices such as tablets and all-in-one PCs. These changes include the Start screen, 7️⃣ which uses large tiles that are more convenient for touch interactions and allow for the display of continually updated information, 7️⃣ and a new class of apps which are designed primarily for use on touch-based devices. The new Windows version required 7️⃣ a minimum resolution of 1024×768 pixels,[45] effectively making it unfit for netbooks with 800×600-pixel screens. Other changes include increased integration with 7️⃣ cloud services and other online platforms (such as social networks and Microsoft's own OneDrive (formerly SkyDrive) and Xbox Live services), 7️⃣ the Windows Store service for software distribution, and a new variant known as Windows RT for use on devices that 7️⃣ utilize the ARM architecture, and a new keyboard shortcut for screenshots.[46][47][48][49][50][51][52] An update to Windows 8, called Windows 8.1,[53] was 7️⃣ released on October 17, 2013, and includes features such as new live tile sizes, deeper OneDrive integration, and many other 7️⃣ revisions. Windows 8 and Windows 8.1 have been subject to some criticism, such as the removal of the Start menu. Windows 7️⃣ 10 On September 30, 2014, Microsoft announced Windows 10 as the successor to Windows 8.1. It was released on July 29, 7️⃣ 2024, and addresses shortcomings in the user interface first introduced with Windows 8. Changes on PC include the return of 7️⃣ the Start Menu, a virtual desktop system, and the ability to run Windows Store apps within windows on the desktop 7️⃣ rather than in full-screen mode. Windows 10 is said to be available to update from qualified Windows 7 with SP1, 7️⃣ Windows 8.1 and Windows Phone 8.1 devices from the Get Windows 10 Application (for Windows 7, Windows 8.1) or Windows 7️⃣ Update (Windows 7).[54] In February 2024, Microsoft announced the migration of its Windows source code repository from Perforce to Git. This 7️⃣ migration involved 3.5 million separate files in a 300-gigabyte repository.[55] By May 2024, 90 percent of its engineering team was 7️⃣ using Git, in about 8500 commits and 1760 Windows builds per day.[55] In June 2024, shortly before Microsoft's announcement of Windows 7️⃣ 11, Microsoft updated their lifecycle policy pages for Windows 10, revealing that support for their last release of Windows 10 7️⃣ will end on October 14, 2025.[56][57] On April 27, 2024, Microsoft announced that version 22H2 would be the last of 7️⃣ Windows 10.[59] Windows 11 On June 24, 2024, Windows 11 was announced as the successor to Windows 10 during a livestream. The 7️⃣ new operating system was designed to be more user-friendly and understandable. It was released on October 5, 2024.[60][61] As of 7️⃣ May 2024, Windows 11 is a free upgrade to Windows 10 users who meet the system requirements.[62] Windows 365 In July 2024, 7️⃣ Microsoft announced it will start selling subscriptions to virtualized Windows desktops as part of a new Windows 365 service in 7️⃣ the following month. The new service will allow for cross-platform usage, aiming to make the operating system available for both 7️⃣ Apple and Android users. It is a separate service and offers several variations including Windows 365 Frontline, Windows 365 Boot, 7️⃣ and the Windows 365 app.[63] The subscription service will be accessible through any operating system with a web browser. The 7️⃣ new service is an attempt at capitalizing on the growing trend, fostered during the COVID-19 pandemic, for businesses to adopt 7️⃣ a hybrid remote work environment, in which "employees split their time between the office and home". As the service will 7️⃣ be accessible through web browsers, Microsoft will be able to bypass the need to publish the service through Google Play 7️⃣ or the Apple App Store.[64][65][66][67][68] Microsoft announced Windows 365 availability to business and enterprise customers on August 2, 2024.[69] Multilingual support Multilingual support 7️⃣ has been built into Windows since Windows 3.0. The language for both the keyboard and the interface can be changed 7️⃣ through the Region and Language Control Panel. Components for all supported input languages, such as Input Method Editors, are automatically 7️⃣ installed during Windows installation (in Windows XP and earlier, files for East Asian languages, such as Chinese, and files for 7️⃣ right-to-left scripts, such as Arabic, may need to be installed separately, also from the said Control Panel). Third-party IMEs may 7️⃣ also be installed if a user feels that the provided one is insufficient for their needs. Since Windows 2000, English 7️⃣ editions of Windows NT have East Asian IMEs (such as Microsoft Pinyin IME and Microsoft Japanese IME) bundled, but files 7️⃣ for East Asian languages may be manually installed on Control Panel. Interface languages for the operating system are free for download, 7️⃣ but some languages are limited to certain editions of Windows. Language Interface Packs (LIPs) are redistributable and may be downloaded 7️⃣ from Microsoft's Download Center and installed for any edition of Windows (XP or later) – they translate most, but not 7️⃣ all, of the Windows interface, and require a certain base language (the language which Windows originally shipped with). This is 7️⃣ used for most languages in emerging markets. Full Language Packs, which translate the complete operating system, are only available for 7️⃣ specific editions of Windows (Ultimate and Enterprise editions of Windows Vista and 7, and all editions of Windows 8, 8.1 7️⃣ and RT except Single Language). They do not require a specific base language and are commonly used for more popular 7️⃣ languages such as French or Chinese. These languages cannot be downloaded through the Download Center, but are available as optional 7️⃣ updates through the Windows Update service (except Windows 8). The interface language of installed applications is not affected by changes in 7️⃣ the Windows interface language. The availability of languages depends on the application developers themselves. Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 introduce 7️⃣ a new Language Control Panel where both the interface and input languages can be simultaneously changed, and language packs, regardless 7️⃣ of type, can be downloaded from a central location. The PC Settings app in Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 7️⃣ R2 also includes a counterpart settings page for this. Changing the interface language also changes the language of preinstalled Windows 7️⃣ Store apps (such as Mail, Maps and News) and certain other Microsoft-developed apps (such as Remote Desktop). The above limitations 7️⃣ for language packs are however still in effect, except that full language packs can be installed for any edition except 7️⃣ Single Language, which caters to emerging markets. Platform support Windows NT included support for several platforms before the x86-based personal computer became 7️⃣ dominant in the professional world. Windows NT 4.0 and its predecessors supported PowerPC, DEC Alpha and MIPS R4000 (although some 7️⃣ of the platforms implement 64-bit computing, the OS treated them as 32-bit). Windows 2000 dropped support for all platforms, except 7️⃣ the third generation x86 (known as IA-32) or newer in 32-bit mode. The client line of the Windows NT family 7️⃣ still runs on IA-32 but the Windows Server line ceased supporting this platform with the release of Windows Server 2008 7️⃣ R2. With the introduction of the Intel Itanium architecture (IA-64), Microsoft released new versions of Windows to support it. Itanium versions 7️⃣ of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 were released at the same time as their mainstream x86 counterparts. Windows XP 7️⃣ 64-Bit Edition, released in 2003, is the last Windows client operating system to support Itanium. Windows Server line continues to 7️⃣ support this platform until Windows Server 2012; Windows Server 2008 R2 is the last Windows operating system to support Itanium 7️⃣ architecture. On April 25, 2005, Microsoft released Windows XP Professional x64 Edition and Windows Server 2003 x64 Editions to support x86-64 7️⃣ (or simply x64), the 64-bit version of x86 architecture. Windows Vista was the first client version of Windows NT to 7️⃣ be released simultaneously in IA-32 and x64 editions. x64 is still supported. An edition of Windows 8 known as Windows RT 7️⃣ was specifically created for computers with ARM architecture, and while ARM is still used for Windows smartphones with Windows 10, 7️⃣ tablets with Windows RT will not be updated. Starting from Windows 10 Fall Creators Update (version 1709) and later includes 7️⃣ support for ARM-based PCs.[70] Windows 11 is the first version to drop support for 32-bit hardware.[62] Windows CE Windows CE (officially known as 7️⃣ Windows Embedded Compact), is an edition of Windows that runs on minimalistic computers, like satellite navigation systems and some mobile 7️⃣ phones. Windows Embedded Compact is based on its own dedicated kernel, dubbed Windows CE kernel. Microsoft licenses Windows CE to 7️⃣ OEMs and device makers. The OEMs and device makers can modify and create their own user interfaces and experiences, while 7️⃣ Windows CE provides the technical foundation to do so. Windows CE was used in the Dreamcast along with Sega's own proprietary 7️⃣ OS for the console. Windows CE was the core from which Windows Mobile was derived. Its successor, Windows Phone 7, 7️⃣ was based on components from both Windows CE 6.0 R3 and Windows CE 7.0. Windows Phone 8 however, is based 7️⃣ on the same NT-kernel as Windows 8. Windows Embedded Compact is not to be confused with Windows XP Embedded or Windows 7️⃣ NT 4.0 Embedded, modular editions of Windows based on Windows NT kernel. Xbox OS Xbox OS is an unofficial name given to 7️⃣ the version of Windows that runs on Xbox consoles.[71] From Xbox One onwards it is an implementation with an emphasis 7️⃣ on virtualization (using Hyper-V) as it is three operating systems running at once, consisting of the core operating system, a 7️⃣ second implemented for games and a more Windows-like environment for applications.[72] Microsoft updates Xbox One's OS every month, and these 7️⃣ updates can be downloaded from the Xbox Live service to the Xbox and subsequently installed, or by using offline recovery 7️⃣ Version control system Up to and including every version before 7️⃣ Windows 2000, Microsoft used an in-house version control system named Source Library Manager (SLM). Shortly after Windows 2000 was released, 7️⃣ Microsoft switched to a fork of Perforce named Source Depot.[78] This system was used up until 2024 once the system 7️⃣ could not keep up with the size of Windows.[citation needed] Microsoft had begun to integrate Git into Team Foundation Server 7️⃣ in 2013,[79] but Windows (and Office) continued to rely on Source Depot.[80] The Windows code was divided among 65 different 7️⃣ repositories with a kind of virtualization layer to produce unified view of all of the code.[citation needed] In 2024 Microsoft announced 7️⃣ that it would start using Git, an open source version control system created by Linus Torvalds and in May 2024 7️⃣ they reported that the migration into a new Git repository was complete.[81][82][55] VFSForGit Because of its large, decades-long history, however, the Windows 7️⃣ codebase is not especially well suited to the decentralized nature of Linux development that Git was originally created to manage.[citation 7️⃣ needed] Each Git repository contains a complete history of all the files,[83] which proved unworkable for Windows developers because cloning 7️⃣ the whole repository takes several hours.[citation needed] Microsoft has been working on a new project called the Virtual File System 7️⃣ for Git (VFSForGit) to address these challenges.[82] In 2024 the VFS for Git has been superseded by Scalar.[84] Timeline of releases Windows timeline: 7️⃣ Bar chart The Windows family tree Usage share and device sales Use of Windows 10 has exceeded Windows 7 globally since early 2024.[91] For 7️⃣ desktop and laptop computers, according to Net Applications and StatCounter (which track the use of operating systems in devices that 7️⃣ are active on the Web), Windows was the most used operating-system family in August 2024, with around 91% usage share 7️⃣ according to Net Applications[92] and around 76% usage share according to StatCounter.[93] Including personal computers of all kinds (e.g., desktops, laptops, 7️⃣ mobile devices, and game consoles), Windows OSes accounted for 32.67% of usage share in August 2024, compared to Android (highest, 7️⃣ at 46.03%), iOS's 13.76%, iPadOS's 2.81%, and macOS's 2.51%, according to Net Applications[94] and 30.73% of usage share in August 7️⃣ 2024, compared to Android (highest, at 42.56%), iOS/iPadOS's 16.53%, and macOS's 6.51%, according to StatCounter.[95] Those statistics do not include servers 7️⃣ (including so-called cloud computing, where Microsoft is known not to be a leader, with Linux used more than Windows) as 7️⃣ Net Applications and StatCounter use web browsing as a proxy for all use. Security Early versions of Windows were designed at a 7️⃣ time where malware and networking were less common, and had few built-in security features; they did not provide access privileges 7️⃣ to allow a user to prevent other users from accessing their files, and they did not provide memory protection to 7️⃣ prevent one process from reading or writing another process's address space or to prevent a process from code or data 7️⃣ used by privileged-mode code. While the Windows 9x series offered the option of having profiles for multiple users with separate profiles 7️⃣ and home folders, it had no concept of access privileges, allowing any user to edit others' files. In addition, while 7️⃣ it ran separate 32-bit applications in separate address spaces, protecting an application's code and data from being read or written 7️⃣ by another application, it did not protect the first megabyte of memory from userland applications for compatibility reasons. This area 7️⃣ of memory contains code critical to the functioning of the operating system, and by writing into this area of memory 7️⃣ an application can crash or freeze the operating system. This was a source of instability as faulty applications could accidentally 7️⃣ write into this region, potentially corrupting important operating system memory, which usually resulted in some form of system error and 7️⃣ halt.[96] Windows NT was far more secure, implementing access privileges and full memory protection, and, while 32-bit programs meeting the DoD's 7️⃣ C2 security rating,[97] yet these advantages were nullified[improper synthesis?] by the fact that, prior to Windows Vista, the default user 7️⃣ account created during the setup process was an administrator account; the user, and any program the user launched, had full 7️⃣ access to the machine. Though Windows XP did offer an option of turning administrator accounts into limited accounts, the majority 7️⃣ of home users did not do so, partially due to the number of programs which required administrator rights to function 7️⃣ properly. As a result, most home users still ran as administrator all the time. These architectural flaws, combined with Windows's 7️⃣ very high popularity, made Windows a frequent target of computer worm and virus writers.[98][99][citation needed] Furthermore, although Windows NT and its 7️⃣ successors are designed for security (including on a network) and multi-user PCs, they were not initially designed with Internet security 7️⃣ in mind as much, since, when it was first developed in the early 1990s, Internet use was less prevalent.[100] In a 7️⃣ 2002 strategy memo entitled "Trustworthy computing" sent to every Microsoft employee, Bill Gates declared that security should become Microsoft's highest 7️⃣ priority.[101][102] Windows Vista introduced a privilege elevation system called User Account Control.[103] When logging in as a standard user, a logon 7️⃣ session is created and a token containing only the most basic privileges is assigned. In this way, the new logon 7️⃣ session is incapable of making changes that would affect the entire system. When logging in as a user in the 7️⃣ Administrators group, two separate tokens are assigned. The first token contains all privileges typically awarded to an administrator, and the 7️⃣ second is a restricted token similar to what a standard user would receive. User applications, including the Windows shell, are 7️⃣ then started with the restricted token, resulting in a reduced privilege environment even under an Administrator account. When an application 7️⃣ requests higher privileges or "Run as administrator" is clicked, UAC will prompt for confirmation and, if consent is given (including 7️⃣ administrator credentials if the account requesting the elevation is not a member of the administrators group), start the process using 7️⃣ the unrestricted token.[104] Leaked documents from 2013 to 2024 codenamed Vault 7 detail the capabilities of the CIA to perform electronic 7️⃣ surveillance and cyber warfare,[105] such as the ability to compromise operating systems such as Windows.[106] In August 2024, computer experts reported 7️⃣ that the BlueKeep security vulnerability, CVE-2024-0708, that potentially affects older unpatched Windows versions via the program's Remote Desktop Protocol, allowing 7️⃣ for the possibility of remote code execution, may include related flaws, collectively named DejaBlue, affecting newer Windows versions (i.e., Windows 7️⃣ 7 and all recent versions) as well.[107] In addition, experts reported a Microsoft security vulnerability, CVE- 2024-1162, based on legacy 7️⃣ code involving Microsoft CTF and ctfmon (ctfmon.exe), that affects all Windows versions from Windows XP to the then most recent 7️⃣ Windows 10 versions; a patch to correct the flaw is available.[108] Microsoft releases security patches through its Windows Update service approximately 7️⃣ once a month (usually the second Tuesday of the month), although critical updates are made available at shorter intervals when 7️⃣ necessary.[109] Versions subsequent to Windows 2000 SP3 and Windows XP implemented automatic download and installation of updates, substantially increasing the 7️⃣ number of users installing security updates.[110] Windows integrates the Windows Defender antivirus, which is seen as one of the best available.[111] 7️⃣ Windows also implements Secure Boot, Control Flow Guard, ransomware protection, BitLocker disk encryption, a firewall, and Windows SmartScreen. File permissions All Windows 7️⃣ versions from Windows NT 3 have been based on a file system permission system referred to as AGDLP (Accounts, Global, 7️⃣ Domain Local, Permissions) in which file permissions are applied to the file/folder in the form of a 'local group' which 7️⃣ then has other 'global groups' as members. These global groups then hold other groups or users depending on different Windows 7️⃣ versions used. This system varies from other vendor products such as Linux and NetWare due to the 'static' allocation of 7️⃣ permission being applied directly to the file or folder. However using this process of AGLP/AGDLP/AGUDLP allows a small number of 7️⃣ static permissions to be applied and allows for easy changes to the account groups without reapplying the file permissions on 7️⃣ the files and folders. Alternative implementations Owing to the operating system's popularity, a number of applications have been released that aim to 7️⃣ provide compatibility with Windows applications, either as a compatibility layer for another operating system, or as a standalone system that 7️⃣ can run software written for Windows out of the box. These include: Wine – a free and open-source implementation of the 7️⃣ Windows API, allowing one to run many Windows applications on x86-based platforms, including UNIX, Linux and macOS. Wine developers refer 7️⃣ to it as a "compatibility layer" [112] and use Windows-style APIs to emulate Windows environment. CrossOver – a Wine package 7️⃣ with licensed fonts. Its developers are regular contributors to Wine. Proton – A fork of Wine by Steam to run 7️⃣ Windows games on Linux and other Unix-like OS. and use Windows-style APIs to emulate Windows environment. ReactOS – an open-source OS 7️⃣ intended to run the same software as Windows, originally designed to simulate Windows NT 4.0, later aiming at Windows 7 7️⃣ compatibility. It has been in the development stage since 1996. See also {nl}{error} poker queenpalotina esportespix bet é confiávelplanilha de gestao de banca apostas. apostas na loteria on line
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