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Genre of music This article is about a specific music genre. For popular music in general, see Popular music . For ♠ other uses, see Pop music (disambiguation) "Pop song" redirects here. For other uses, see Pop Song Pop music is a genre of ♠ popular music that originated in its modern form during the mid-1950s in the United States and the United Kingdom.[4] During ♠ the 1950s and 1960s, pop music encompassed rock and roll and the youth-oriented styles it influenced. Rock and pop music ♠ remained roughly synonymous until the late 1960s, after which pop became associated with music that was more commercial, ephemeral, and ♠ accessible. Identifying factors of pop music usually include repeated choruses and hooks, short to medium-length songs written in a basic format ♠ (often the verse–chorus structure), and rhythms or tempos that can be easily danced to. Much pop music also borrows elements ♠ from other styles such as rock, urban, dance, Latin, and country. The terms popular music and pop music are often used ♠ interchangeably, although the former more accurately describes all music that is popular and includes many disparate styles. Although much of ♠ the music that appears on record charts is considered to be pop music, the genre is distinguished from chart music. Definitions ♠ and etymology [ edit ] David Hatch and Stephen Millward describe pop music as "a body of music which is distinguishable ♠ from popular, jazz, and folk music".[9] According to Pete Seeger, pop music is "professional music which draws upon both folk ♠ music and fine arts music".[3] David Boyle, a music researcher, states pop music as any type of music that a ♠ person has been exposed to by the mass media.[10] Most individuals think that pop music is just the singles charts ♠ and not the sum of all chart music. The music charts contain songs from a variety of sources, including classical, ♠ jazz, rock, and novelty songs. As a genre, pop music is seen to exist and develop separately.[11] Therefore, the term ♠ "pop music" may be used to describe a distinct genre, designed to appeal to all, often characterized as "instant singles-based ♠ music aimed at teenagers" in contrast to rock music as "album-based music for adults".[4][13] Pop music continuously evolves along with the ♠ term's definition. According to music writer Bill Lamb, popular music is defined as "the music since industrialization in the 1800s ♠ that is most in line with the tastes and interests of the urban middle class."[14] The term "pop song" was ♠ first used in 1926, in the sense of a piece of music "having popular appeal".[15] Hatch and Millward indicate that ♠ many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop ♠ music industry, including in country, blues, and hillbilly music.[16] The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that the term "pop" refers to ♠ music performed by such artists as the Rolling Stones (pictured here in a 2006 performance). According to the website of The ♠ New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, the term "pop music" "originated in Britain in the mid-1950s as a description ♠ for rock and roll and the new youth music styles that it influenced".[2] The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that ♠ while pop's "earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience [...] since the late 1950s, however, pop has had ♠ the special meaning of non-classical mus[ic], usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as The Beatles, The ♠ Rolling Stones, ABBA, etc."[17] Grove Music Online also states that "[...] in the early 1960s, [the term] 'pop music' competed ♠ terminologically with beat music [in England], while in the US its coverage overlapped (as it still does) with that of ♠ 'rock and roll'".[2] From about 1967, the term "pop music" was increasingly used in opposition to the term rock music, a ♠ division that gave generic significance to both terms.[18] While rock aspired to authenticity and an expansion of the possibilities of ♠ popular music,[18] pop was more commercial, ephemeral, and accessible.[19] According to British musicologist Simon Frith, pop music is produced "as ♠ a matter of enterprise not art", and is "designed to appeal to everyone" but "doesn't come from any particular place ♠ or mark off any particular taste". Frith adds that it is "not driven by any significant ambition except profit and ♠ commercial reward [...] and, in musical terms, it is essentially conservative". It is, "provided from on high (by record companies, ♠ radio programmers, and concert promoters) rather than being made from below ... Pop is not a do-it-yourself music but is ♠ professionally produced and packaged".[4] Characteristics [ edit ] According to Frith, characteristics of pop music include an aim of appealing to a ♠ general audience, rather than to a particular sub-culture or ideology, and an emphasis on craftsmanship rather than formal "artistic" qualities.[4] ♠ Besides, Frith also offers three identifying characteristics of pop music: light entertainment, commercial imperatives, and personal identification. Pop music grew ♠ out of a light entertainment and easy listening tradition.[22] Pop music is more conservative than other music genres such as ♠ folk, blues, country, and tradition. Many pop songs do not contain themes of resistance, opposition, or political themes, rather focusing ♠ more on love and relationships. Therefore, pop music does not challenge its audiences socially, and does not cause political activism. ♠ Frith also said the main purpose of pop music is to create revenue. It is not a medium of free ♠ articulation of the people. Instead, pop music seeks to supply the nature of personal desire and achieve the instant empathy ♠ with cliche personalities, stereotypes, and melodrama that appeals to listeners. It is mostly about how much revenue pop music makes ♠ for record companies.[23] Music scholar Timothy Warner said pop music typically has an emphasis on recording, production, and technology, rather ♠ than live performance; a tendency to reflect existing trends rather than progressive developments; and seeks to encourage dancing or uses ♠ dance-oriented rhythms.[19] Amr Diab, Egyptian pop star, named "El-Hadaba", for achieving high records sales in the Middle East and Africa for ♠ the last three decades[24][25] The main medium of pop music is the song, often between two and a half and three ♠ and a half minutes in length, generally marked by a consistent and noticeable rhythmic element, a mainstream style and a ♠ simple traditional structure.[26] The structure of many popular songs is that of a verse and a chorus, the chorus serving ♠ as the portion of the track that is designed to stick in the ear through simple repetition both musically and ♠ lyrically. The chorus is often where the music builds towards and is often preceded by "the drop" where the bass ♠ and drum parts "drop out".[27] Common variants include the verse-chorus form and the thirty-two-bar form, with a focus on melodies ♠ and catchy hooks, and a chorus that contrasts melodically, rhythmically and harmonically with the verse.[28] The beat and the melodies ♠ tend to be simple, with limited harmonic accompaniment.[29] The lyrics of modern pop songs typically focus on simple themes – ♠ often love and romantic relationships – although there are notable exceptions.[4] Harmony and chord progressions in pop music are often "that ♠ of classical European tonality, only more simple-minded."[30] Clichés include the barbershop quartet-style harmony (i.e. ii – V – I) and ♠ blues scale-influenced harmony.[31] There was a lessening of the influence of traditional views of the circle of fifths between the ♠ mid-1950s and the late 1970s, including less predominance for the dominant function.[32] In October 2024, Billboard compiled a list of "the ♠ 500 best pop songs". In doing so, it noted the difficulty of defining "pop songs": One of the reasons pop can ♠ be hard to summarize is because there’s no real sonic or musical definition to it. There are common elements to ♠ a lot of the biggest pop songs, but at the end of the day, "pop" means "popular" first and foremost, ♠ and just about any song that becomes popular enough...can be considered a pop song.[33] Development and influence [ edit ] Technology and ♠ media [ edit ] Bing Crosby was one of the first artists to be nicknamed "King of Pop" or "King of ♠ Popular Music".[34][ verification needed ] In the 1940s, improved microphone design allowed a more intimate singing style and, ten or twenty ♠ years later, inexpensive and more durable 45 rpm records for singles "revolutionized the manner in which pop has been disseminated", ♠ which helped to move pop music to "a record/radio/film star system".[35] Another technological change was the widespread availability of television ♠ in the 1950s with televised performances, which meant that "pop stars had to have a visual presence".[35] In the 1960s, ♠ the introduction of inexpensive, portable transistor radios meant that teenagers in the developed world could listen to music outside of ♠ the home.[35] By the early 1980s, the promotion of pop music had been greatly affected by the rise of music ♠ television channels like MTV, which "favoured those artists such as Michael Jackson and Madonna who had a strong visual appeal".[35] Multi-track ♠ recording (from the 1960s) and digital sampling (from the 1980s) have also been used as methods for the creation and ♠ elaboration of pop music.[4] During the mid-1960s, pop music made repeated forays into new sounds, styles, and techniques that inspired ♠ public discourse among its listeners. The word "progressive" was frequently used, and it was thought that every song and single ♠ was to be a "progression" from the last.[36] Music critic Simon Reynolds writes that beginning with 1967, a divide would ♠ exist between "progressive" pop and "mass/chart" pop, a separation which was "also, broadly, one between boys and girls, middle-class and ♠ working-class."[37] The latter half of the 20th century included a large-scale trend in American culture in which the boundaries between art ♠ and pop music were increasingly blurred.[38] Between 1950 and 1970, there was a debate of pop versus art.[39] Since then, ♠ certain music publications have embraced the music's legitimacy, a trend referred to as "poptimism".[39] Stylistic evolution [ edit ] The 1960s British ♠ Invasion marked a period when the US charts were inundated with British acts such as the Beatles (pictured 1964). Throughout its ♠ development, pop music has absorbed influences from other genres of popular music. Early pop music drew on traditional pop, an ♠ American counterpart to German Schlager and French Chanson, however compared to the pop of European countries, traditional pop originally emphasized ♠ influences ranging from Tin Pan Alley songwriting, Broadway theatre, and show tunes. As the genre evolved more influences ranging from ♠ classical, folk, rock, country, electronic music, and other popular genres became more prominent. In 2024, a Scientific Reports study that ♠ examined over 464,000 recordings of popular music recorded between 1955 and 2010 found that, compared to 1960s pop music, contemporary ♠ pop music uses a smaller variety of pitch progressions, greater average volume,[40] less diverse instrumentation and recording techniques, and less ♠ timbral variety.[41] Scientific American's John Matson reported that this "seems to support the popular anecdotal observation that pop music of ♠ yore was "better", or at least more varied, than today's top-40 stuff". However, he also noted that the study may ♠ not have been entirely representative of pop in each generation.[41] In the 1960s, the majority of mainstream pop music fell in ♠ two categories: guitar, drum and bass groups or singers backed by a traditional orchestra.[42] Since early in the decade, it ♠ was common for pop producers, songwriters, and engineers to freely experiment with musical form, orchestration, unnatural reverb, and other sound ♠ effects. Some of the best known examples are Phil Spector's Wall of Sound and Joe Meek's use of homemade electronic ♠ sound effects for acts like the Tornados.[43] At the same time, pop music on radio and in both American and ♠ British film moved away from refined Tin Pan Alley to more eccentric songwriting and incorporated reverb-drenched electric guitar, symphonic strings, ♠ and horns played by groups of properly arranged and rehearsed studio musicians.[44] A 2024 study held by New York University ♠ in which 643 participants had to rank how familiar a pop song is to them, songs from the 1960s turned ♠ out to be the most memorable, significantly more than songs from recent years 2000 to 2024.[45] Before the progressive pop of ♠ the late 1960s, performers were typically unable to decide on the artistic content of their music.[46] Assisted by the mid-1960s ♠ economic boom, record labels began investing in artists, giving them the freedom to experiment, and offering them limited control over ♠ their content and marketing. This situation declined after the late 1970s and would not reemerge until the rise of Internet ♠ stars. Indie pop, which developed in the late 1970s, marked another departure from the glamour of contemporary pop music, with ♠ guitar bands formed on the then-novel premise that one could record and release their own music without having to procure ♠ a record contract from a major label.[48] The 1980s are commonly remembered for an increase in the use of digital recording, ♠ associated with the usage of synthesizers, with synth-pop music and other electronic genres featuring non-traditional instruments increasing in popularity.[49] By ♠ 2014, pop music worldwide had been permeated by electronic dance music.[50] In 2024, researchers at the University of California, Irvine, ♠ concluded that pop music has become 'sadder' since the 1980s. The elements of happiness and brightness have eventually been replaced ♠ with electronic beats making pop music more 'sad yet danceable'.[51] International spread and crosspollination [ edit ] Pop music has been dominated ♠ by the American and (from the mid-1960s) British music industries, whose influence has made pop music something of an international ♠ monoculture, but most regions and countries have their own form of pop music, sometimes producing local versions of wider trends, ♠ and lending them local characteristics.[53] Some of these trends (for example Europop) have had a significant impact on the development ♠ of the genre.[54] The story of pop music is largely the story of the intertwining pop culture of the United States ♠ and the United Kingdom in the postwar era. — Bob Stanley[50] Vocally, Whitney Houston is one of the world's most influential ♠ pop vocalists since the 1980s and has been referred to as ''The Voice'' for her vocal talent.[55][56] According to Grove Music ♠ Online, "Western-derived pop styles, whether coexisting with or marginalizing distinctively local genres, have spread throughout the world and have come ♠ to constitute stylistic common denominators in global commercial music cultures".[57] Some non-Western countries, such as Japan, have developed a thriving ♠ pop music industry, most of which is devoted to Western-style pop. Japan has for several years produced a greater quantity ♠ of music than everywhere except the US.[clarification needed][57] The spread of Western-style pop music has been interpreted variously as representing ♠ processes of Americanization, homogenization, modernization, creative appropriation, cultural imperialism, or a more general process of globalization.[57] One of the pop music ♠ styles that developed alongside other music styles is Latin pop, which rose in popularity in the US during the 1950s ♠ with early rock and roll success Ritchie Valens.[58] Later, Los Lobos and Chicano rock gained in popularity during the 1970s ♠ and 1980s, and musician Selena saw large-scale popularity in the 1980s and 1990s, along with crossover appeal with fans of ♠ Tejano musicians Lydia Mendoza and Little Joe.[citation needed] With later Hispanic and Latino Americans seeing success within pop music charts, ♠ 1990s pop successes stayed popular in both their original genres and in broader pop music.[59] Latin pop hit singles, such ♠ as "Macarena" by Los del Río and "Despacito" by Luis Fonsi, have seen record-breaking success on worldwide pop music charts.[60] Notable ♠ pop artists of the late 20th century that became global superstars include Whitney Houston, Michael Jackson, Madonna, George Michael, and ♠ Prince. 21st century [ edit ] At the beginning of the 2000s, the trends that dominated during the late 1990s still continued, ♠ but the music industry started to change as people began to download music from the internet. People were able to ♠ discover genres and artists that were outside of the mainstream and propel them to fame, but at the same time ♠ smaller artists had a harder time making a living because their music was being pirated.[62] Popular artists were Avril Lavigne, ♠ Justin Timberlake (as well as NSYNC), Christina Aguilera, Destiny's Child, and Britney Spears. Pop music often came from many different ♠ genres, with each genre in turn influencing the next one, blurring the lines between them and making them less distinct. ♠ This change was epitomized in Spears' highly influential 2007 album Blackout, which under the influence of producer Danja, mixed the ♠ sounds of EDM, avant-funk, R&B, dance music, and hip hop.[63] By the year 2010, pop music impacted by dance music came ♠ to be dominant on the charts. Instead of the radio setting the trends, it was now the club. "The new ♠ bubble is all the collective clubs around the world. Radio is just doing its best to keep up", said Will.i.am. ♠ at the beginning of the decade.[64] Songs that talked of escapism through partying became the most popular, influenced by the ♠ impulse to forget the economic troubles that had taken over the world after the 2008 crash.[65] The most popular artists ♠ of this era were Justin Bieber, Rihanna, Taylor Swift, Lady Gaga, the Black Eyed Peas, Katy Perry and One Direction. 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